In a crisis of social loss of memory, we have focused on farmers' life history (experience and memory) of the modernization of agriculture, through document collection and interview. Farmers writings like diary or journal have been especially respected here. We have taken an example of the case of dairy farming in Hokkaido. The experience of the people of Toyohara village is highly important, because the experience is the first case of the mechanized farming, and the farmers' attitude toward it is so divided and complicated. We have abstracted the attitude of pride and praise as well as the movement of protest and alternative construction.

This study examined an expert patient program (EPP) as previously established in the United Kingdom, in anticipation of establishing a similar program in Japan. Based on interviews of those who implemented the program and patients who participated in it, factors that enabled it to continue were identified. One such factor was the fact that the participants personally experienced the effectiveness of the EPP. Another was that the organizational structure needed to support the program was established in the community because the care of patients with chronic illnesses was considered a community healthcare concern. Interviews of rheumatoid arthritis patients in Japan suggested that having a venue for discussing one’s experience with illness along with activities that are beneficial for the individual encourages participation in the patient community. A plan for program implementation based on the results of this study is currently in progress.

As a result of comparative study of rural society between Japan and China through field survey, we clarified the common problems each community has.In Japan, the shortage of personnel due to aging and declining birthrate is serious, and in China the number of overseas workers due to progress of urbanization phenomenon in rural areas has been rapidly increasing, and the agricultural tendency to farmers loses motivation due to them. There is a trend, and lifestyle consciousness is also changing.In terms of sustainable development of family management, the state of life ethics for agricultural production and rural society are important issues.

This study clarified the urbanization in the Chinese rural community and the actual situation of "community development" and the future prospects by the case study. Shangdong Pingyin Pref. of China was assumed the subjects of survey ground, but carried out a competitive review in Sakata City Yamagata Pref. and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. "Community development" in the rural community of China progresses, accordingly the construction of the apartment in this way advances. It became clear from the result of the interview investigation that the new formation of the social relations of farmer each other became difficult, although the living environment of the farm village was improved.

The study is to emphasize the significance of the subjectivity, individuality, narrative, integrity and understanding that have been played as a subordinate part in contemporary sociology, reconsidering the monographs of the Chicago School of Sociology. It is important to center actions as the unit of sociological analysis and figure out the totality and wholeness of the social world from the standpoint of the interactions. The monographic research is most suitable method for setting a social world as a range of research, and presenting its description, change and interrelationship.

We made an extensive investigation on farmers'situation in Sakata city, Yamagata Prefecture, and a continuous intensive case study by participant observation on farmers' activity of collective learning in eastern area of Hokkaido. We found some different orientations not only in strategy of farming but also in family life as well as their philosophy on life, nature, agriculture, and community, and that these orientations are diversified remarkably in the contemporary free market situation and consciously realized through the farmers' learning process and the historical context of it in each area.

In this research, we analyzed the policy of “Industrialization Utilizing Green Resources" in a mountain village in Hebei Province in China by the case study. In this village, the economic development and the sustaining of environment are pushed forward concurrently. Henceforth, the urbanization is important for the development of the rural communities in China.

本研究は、児童養護施設を対象に児童の目常生活の安定に空間が果たす役割の探求と脱施設化を担うグループホーム(以下、GHと略す。)の地域展開の実態から、要養護児童にとってあるべき環境を考察することを目的としたものであった。 本年度は、まず、大舎制と小舎制施設を対象に児童と職員の生活実態を記述し、それらに基づいて生活の質的側面における各施設の特性を明らかにした。なかでも職員と児童のコミュニケーションに着目することで、職員の滞在場所が安定して児童への関わりが行いやすい小舎にて、児童の内省が進んでいる実態を捉え、個別的なケアの展開における小舎制施設の優位性を示している。こうした成果は、理念的対立の狭間で科学的根拠が十分に蓄積されてこなかったこれまでの施設評価に新たな視点を持ち込んだものと考えられる。 一方、昨年度得られたGHの空間整備の状況を示すデータベースを整理するとともに海外先進事例として、日本の制度に影響を与えたオーストラリアビクトリア州におけるGHの実態を調査した。現地では政府作成のモデルプランに基づく施設整備が進められているが、安全面への過度な配慮から施設色の濃さが懸念される実態が把握された。これに対し、日本のGHは空間に対する公的支援が少ない中で、法人の自助努力により環境の整備が進められているという特性を示した。また、ビクトリア州では政府主導の用地取得や建物整備、維持管理により施設間の格差解消が目指されており、わが国でも制度や行政からのさらなる支援が必要だと考える。 以上、本研究は児童養護施設の義育環境を実証的に捉え、今後の施設計画と地域展開に寄与し得る指針を導きだした適時性に富んだ研究と言える。福祉学分野における発表も行われつつあり、今後、建築計画分野に留まらず、ひろくわが国の将釆を担う児童の養育環境へ貢献する可能性が認められると考える。

Community care systems have been influenced by social factors. In our field research, three events that have an influence on changes of community care systems were observed. 1. long-term care insurance system The long-term care insurance system has been firmly established. The long-term care insurance system was going to promote community care. However, actually it did not function so. Rather the long-term care insurance system restrained construction of community care systems. 2. influence of merger of local governments It made cooperation of many organization engaged in community care difficult that an area of a local government became larger. When merger of local governments became a point at issue, the people paid attention to aggravation of local finance. The problem of construction of a community care system was forgotten. 3. partnership of a local government with inhabitants When merger of local governments was considered to be a topic, it came to be commented that partnership of a local government with inhabitants was necessary. This argument may lead to basic reexamination of self-government. It has possibly to promote partnership of a local government with inhabitants to make a community-based welfare plan.

In this study, we tried to illuminate the connection between the market and family farms in Japan and China. To compare the two countries, we were engaged in researches of enterprises, local governments, regional residents organizations, farmers and so on, by the case-study method, that is interview method. We have made analyses of the linkage of the cooperative association or the enterprise with family farms. In Japan, there is the linkage of agricultural cooperative association-corporate body in hamlet-family farm. In this case, however, organizations have been extended out of villege. In China, there is the linkage of head enterprise-agricultural cooperative society-family farm. In this case, through the agricultural industrialization, green vegitable production are on the increase. Both in Japan and in China, today's agricultural production and distribution diversifies in various fields. The intermediate organizations, which connect the market with family farms, rise in importance on the regional network in rural community. Because the rural community changes gradually by the penetration of monetary economy. Especially, the agricultural cooperative association and the agricultural cooperative society are the key to the question of the regional network.

1. In contemporary Japanese communities, community care systems cannot be constructed in the same form. Therefore, it is necessary to select a comparative approach in order to analyze these systems. 2. (1) In rural areas, it can be observed that characteristic community care systems are built in villages and towns. (Ex. Yasuoka village, Takeshi village, Ogawa village in Nagano prefecture) In these cases, a lot of actors which supply care service for the aged cooperate, and medical institutions lead this cooperation. In these cases, medical doctors who work in hospitals of these villages highly concern community care and they endeavor to construct community care systems. (2) In urban areas, it is difficult to build community care systems. In these areas, amount of actors which supply care service for the aged is very huge, so these actors cannot cooperate easily. But there is a case in which a private hospital leads construction of a community care system (Senju area in Tokyo). (3) In areas of isolated islands, it is difficult to build community care systems. In these areas, a most important issue of community medicine is to save patients. In these circumstances, medical doctors and officers are mainly interested in improvement of medical conditions. But there is a case in which residents of a community try to construct a community care system (Hateruma island in Taketomi town in Okinawa prefecture). 3. A medical sector is very important for constructing community care systems. (1) It is necessary for medical institution to take part in community care systems. (2) It is desirable for medical doctors to accept a idea that care is more important than cure. (3) It is possible for a medical sector to destroy a chance to build community care system. But a medical sector also can change these circumstances.

In this study,we tried to illuminate how the rural community is influenced by the transition of the rice production in Japan. Rapid economic growth brought about the mechanization in rice cultivation and the increase to combine agriculture with non-farm work. We have made analyses of the tendency of rice production and rice farmer's attitude in the three areas of the wet-rice production, that is Tohoku, Hokkaido and Okinawa. In Shonai of the Tohoku district, the multiple operations and women's roles in it rise in importance. In the Hokkaido district, on the other hand, the multiple agriculture is in difficulties. In Ishigaki of the Okinawa prefecture, the stock farming and tabacco cultivation increase. Today's agricultural production in Japan diversifies in wet-rice production, stock farming, green vegitable production and so on. Increasing of the multiple operation is influences family farm and farmer's consciousness. As a result, the rural community changes gradually from the organization of homogeneous farmers into the society of varied farmhouses.

Now is the 'turning point' of the agricultural situation, especially of the rice crop, in Japan. Our research purpose is to make clear the circumstances of transformation of Japanese rural communities and of countermeasures by farmers. For it, we selected some rice cropping areas that are typical in Japan. 1. We had some researches in the Shonai Area in Yamagata Prefecture, on the leaders of agricultural associations of each hamlet. In these researches, we investigated the present conditions of farm management and their intentions about it, in comparison with the previous researches of ours. As a result, it became clear that the basic trend was to apply a part of family manpower to non-agricultural works, with keeping up their rice cropping by the voluntary collaboration in small-scale, or searching the way of cash earnings plus something, with production of some crops excepting rice. 2. It is said that the rice stock in Japan is 'surplus', but in Okinawa Prefecture, the self-sufficiency rate in the rice supply is low. The reason why we selected the Ishigaki island in Okinawa, is that Ishigaki is a valuable rice cropping area in Okinawa. According to our research, we could find the people's intention to bring in more profitable variety of rice, such as 'Hitomebore'. 3. One of the important issues about Japanese agriculture nowadays, is the choice between large-scale farm management or small-scale family farming. To seek the logic of Japanese family farming, we had the interview research on the dairy farmers in Hokkaido, who have chosen the way of dairying with family manpower. For, although there have been many dairy households on a large-scale in Hokkaido, the merits of family dairying come to be reevaluated these days.

In this study, we tried to illuminate how the rural society is influenced by the transition of the rice production in Japan. We have made analyses of the tendency of rice production and rice farmer's attitude in the wet-rice production areas. Rapid economic growth since 1955 brought about dramatically the mechanization in rice cultivation and the increase to combine agriculture with non-farm work. Consequently, three types of rice farmer's intention appeared these areas. One for sole cultivation of rice, and the other for combination of other kind crops, and for chief income from non-farming source. Accordingly, new organizations have appeared, one express purpose of which is to facilitate cooperative farm operation and management. Wet-rice farmers began to engage in joint cultivation around 1960. Rice production groups are of three types. One for joint to use of a farming machine, and the other for collective cultivation based on agreements, and for farming all or part of someone else's land. Although the agricultural production union is still identified with the hamlet, but the distinction between hamlet and various organization is more and more inevitable. Rice production groups increasingly aim at self-interest.

1.In this project we carried out social researches on the "rigions of middle range" : Shonai region of Yamagata prefecture, Tokachi region and Kushiro region of Hokkaido and some rigions of Nagano prefecture and Okinawa prefecture. Main research items are natural envilonments, historical backgrounds, economic structures, conditions of traffic and communication, situations of urban and rural communities and other social and cultural traits of the regions. 2.The result of researches shows that the "region of middle range" is formed as a unity by following factors : (1) the commonness of natural environment, (2) the commonness of economic structure that is formed historically in it, (3) especially in the Main Island, the administrative policy of Han in the Tokugawa era and (4) the trafic and communication network between central cities and surrounding rural communities in the region. Tody these "regions of middle range" are changed in the high grouwth of Japanese economy, but yet have been maintaining the unity as a aregion. 3.The social and cultural characteristics which the "region of middle range" embraces are the precious resources in order to enrich the content of development of Japanese society and culture.

ほぼ計画通り、従来からの対象地=北海道深川市メム地区(旧深川町)においては、若干後継者層を対象に聞き取り調査を実施した。今日の農業情勢の中で、今後の農業の担い手たちが、いかなる人間関係、情勢認識、農業観、そして「意欲」をもっているかを把握するためである。 本調査に先立ち、深川市・深川市農協などに資料を求め、またインフォーマント聴取を実施した。本調査は、それらの結果をもとに調査票を作成し、現地におもむいて、個別農家に対して面接調査のかたちでおこなわれた。調査項目は、キャリアパタンと意欲との関係、若手層内部での人間関係との関連、その中での農業観や営農志向の形成といったものであった。その準備と調査の過程で、学生補助員を動員した。 現在、データのとりまとめ中である。が、なんらかの分析・報告をおこなうためには、もうすこし事例数を増やす必要があると思われる。 また、農業観や意欲といったものをつかむためには比較対象が必要なため、今年度は厚岸・別海方面の農家にも簡単な聞き取り調査を行った。 その結果見いだされたのは、たとえば規模拡大路線を歩むのか否かといった選択には、むろん家族労働力をどう配分しうるかという問題も大きく関連するのだが、それとともに「農業」というものをどう考えるるかといった農業観の影響も大きいということである。そしてまた、当然のことだが、そのような農業観の形成にあたっては、個人をとりまく人間関係が大きく影響を与えている。このような中から、新たな農業への萌芽が生まれてくるものと思われる。 本研究は、そのプロセスの追求をこそ課題としている。現在はデータのとりまとめ中なのでまだ詳しい報告はできないが、今度も独自にとりくみ続けることとする。