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This paper targets high- and low-ranking universities and measures the expected rate of return to each university education based on the information on the firms where all graduates work. The expected rate of return to university education of the relevant university is calculated based on the average, and while paying attention to their diversification, whether or not there is an economic effect of university education and possibility of failure of its investments are clarified. The following results were obtained. (1) The economic effect of investment was confirmed to be greater at the case university with higher rank than at the case university with lower rank. (2) The existence of a certain economic effect of university education has been clarified even in the university with low rank, which has not been clarified in previous studies. (3) Focusing on the dispersion of the economic effect of the university education investment, there are no cases of investment failure at the university with high rank, but such cases at the university with low rank. (4) It became clear that there are a certain number of cases where even graduates of the university with low rank can obtain expected rates of return that exceed the average value of graduates of the university with high rank.

Scholarship loans from the Japan Student Services Organization (JASSO) have been the root cause of a number of social problems over a long period of time. Many media outlets continue to criticize JASSO’s scholarship policy in respect of the manner in which these loans are administered. A recent study has also asserted that the scholarship policy is the underlying cause of young people being trapped in the poverty cycle. However, this paper expresses doubts about this assertion, which is often based on simple analyses using government statistics or press reports concerning occasional cases. This study utilizes propensity score matching to analyze the effects of JASSO scholarships on student time use. Results indicate that academic hours increased for university students while their allotted recreational and social time decreased after receiving scholarships. These findings are relevant regardless of whether the university is national, public, or private. Furthermore, we limited the survey range to from lower-ranked private university students, whose standard deviation scores (called “hensachi”) were measured at less than 45. Similarly, the duration of study activity time increased after receiving a scholarship. The results produce evidence which contradicts skepticism about a whole range of scholarship policy and which is often based on press reports concerning occasional cases.

There has been increasing interest in the Japan Student Services Organization (JASSO) scholarship loans because of student-loan delinquency. However, do JASSO scholarship loans have any positive effects on students? This matter has not been extensively investigated as of yet. Furthermore, since most research studies focus on the aspects of student incomes or expenses, they cannot be regarded as being a reflection of the reality of scholarship effects. This study aimed to use propensity score matching to analyze the effects of JASSO scholarship loans on university students' incomes and expenses from a comprehensive perspective. Thus, we could adjust background variables for scholarship and non-scholarship students, such as their parents' annual income and students' living arrangement, and investigate the causal effects of JASSO scholarships. The results of this study showed that as a result of the scholarship loans, income from parents was decreased, and the students' aggregate income and expenses (on food, not recreation) increased. Additionally, learning expense was relatively ensured. The results produce evidence against skepticism about this scholarship policy, that could fuel future policy discussions based on the reality of received scholarships.

The need for evidence-based research on educational investment has grown in recent years. However, while men’s educational investments have been actively studied, there are very few studies on women’s educational investment, because women’s work patterns are more diverse than those of men. This paper examines the economic effects of women’s education by measuring the rate of return on women’s higher education investments. Our findings are as follows: (1) While women’s university admission rates are rising, the labor market value of women who have graduated from university has not declined, possibly because there is a demand for their higher abilities and skills. Women who graduated from junior colleges or vocational schools in the 1970s and 1980s have experienced more stable and higher investment effects than university graduates, but this trend has not been observed since the 1990s. (2) Considering the indirect economic benefits from marriage, university-graduated women can gain significant economic benefits regardless of which life course they choose. The results do not reflect pure educational effects as they include innate abilities; however, this will be a consideration in our future work.

The purpose of this paper is to : ⑴ identify the “Standards” at the national level in the Basic Plan for Promoting Education ; ⑵ clarifying changes of the “Standards” at the national level from the 1st term to 3rd terms of the Basic Plan for Promoting Education ; and ⑶ comparing the standards between elementary / secondary education levels and post-secondary education level, to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the “Standards” at the national level in the Basic Plan for Promoting Education. The Basic Plan for Promoting Education (2008-2012, 2013-2017, 2018-2022) are used as text data, applying the text mining approach. The research results are summarized as follows. ⑴ Section 3 clarifies that there are three types of the “Standards” at the national level in the Basic Plan for Promoting Education (“Law” type, “Guide line” type, and “Index type”) Next identified are the “Index” type of “Standards” at the national level, which represents the national goals of education in a numerical manner, as research objects for section 5 & 6. ⑵ There were huge changes in “Index” type of “Standards” at the national level in both quantitative and qualitative ways from 2008-2012 to 2013-2017, and also 2013-2017 to 2018-2022. ⑶ The “Index” type of “Standards” at the national level were introduced to the Basic Plan for Promoting Education a bit further into elementary / secondary education levels than the post-secondary education level. The “Index” type of “Standards” at the national level may have advantages for promoting some national goals of education, for example the student test scores. At the same time, they have numerous problems : ⑴ inadequate definition of the index problem, ⑵ unstable index problem, ⑶ vague responsible actor problem for index, ⑷ legal compatibility of index, ⑸ integrity among indices, ⑹ validity and reliability of the index, and ⑺ data and statistics for the index. Even though there are many problems in terms of “Standards” at the national level, educational administration research must face and overcome these problems in order to improve the quality of education.

This paper estimates the rate of return to university education, focusing on national versus private universities, and university ranking. The rate of return to national university education is 8.6% and the rate of return to private universities is 6.5%. The rate of return to high-ranking private universities (with a Hensachi score of 55 or more) is 8.7% and to low-ranking private universities (with a Hensachi score of 45 or lower) is 5.0%. Further, even if controlling innate abilities, the rate of return to low-ranking private university education is estimated as 3.7. In summary, the rate of return to national universities is much higher than for private universities and almost equal to the rate for high-ranking private universities. However, even after controlling innate abilities, the rate of return to low-ranking private universities is much higher than the market rate of return in absolute terms.

This paper will review preceding studies on higher education funding and finance conducted in Japan. Higher education funding is defined as governmental funding at the macro level and higher education finance as each university-level financial activities. Based on Ichikawa (2008), research on higher education funding began to be conducted in the 1960s. On the other hand, according to Kaneko (2005), higher education finance is a more recent research theme. Theoretical studies of higher education funding and finance will be introduced in Section 2; empirical studies of higher education funding in Section 3; and empirical studies of higher education finance in Section 4. Future subjects and issues of these research themes are also discussed. The paper concludes by noting that the preceding studies of these themes have been accumulated very rapidly especially in terms of empirical studies and by suggesting that they can be connected to theoretical studies to enrich both of them.本稿は島一則（編著）（2011）『大学とマネー』の1部・3部・4部の解説に大幅に加筆修正を加えたものである。

In this paper, we demonstrate that graduate students received higher salaries than undergraduates in Japan, using a large data sample. In addition, we show that graduate students have a more successful university educational experience, assess the validity of university education higher, and invest in self-learning after graduation from university or graduate school more than undergraduate students. Further, we indicate that successful university educational experience, assessing the validity of university education higher, and investing in self-learning aftergraduation partially contribute to raising their earnings.

<p> In this paper, I examine the changes in national university finances in Japan after incorporation. I begin by clarifying that the total income of all national universities increased by \214 billion from 2005-2011, while the government block grant decreased by \68 billion. 84% of the total increase in income could be attributed to income from university hospitals.</p><p> Focusing on the total income of individual universities, more than 30% suffered a decrease in their income. Most of these were colleges of education and universities without a university hospital. On the other hand, all universities with a university hospital experienced a rise in income. As a result, income differentials among universities have expanded and, in the process among academic disciplines as well.</p><p> Income from university hospitals is a crucial factor in the process of enabling each university to maintain its income level, but the income concerned is, in a very literal and specific sense, university hospital income. I therefore calculated the total of university income leaving aside income from university hospitals, and found that in these circumstances, more than 50% of universities showed a fall in income. On the other hand, in the case of universities which achieved an increase in their total income, excluding university hospital income, there was a tendency for the increase to come from an expansion of competitive research grants and dedicated research contracts. However, this increase in income belonged to specific researchers or groups. An increase of this kind did not mean that overall basic research and educational conditions for each faculty were supported by these funds. At the same time, the receipt of such grants and contracts resulted in additional administrative tasks.</p><p> I conclude that it is time to reconsider how to balance government block grants on the one hand and competitive research grants and assigned contracts on the other, while paying attention to the different abilities among academic disciplines to earn money. Each university also should reallocate their income among its departments from an academic perspective.</p>

Following the incorporation of Japan's national universities, governmental block grants decreased. In response, the national universities have sought to expand their revenue streams to offset decreased governmental block grants. In that context, the purpose of this article is to clarify the income stream changes of national university corporations in Japan. The total income of all national universities, after incorporation, increased by 2.7 billion USD (2005-2011) (29.3 billion USD to 32.0 billion USD: 1USD=80.16YEN), while governmental block grants decreased by 0.8 billion USD (13.3 billion USD to 12.5 billion USD I ratio of the item against the all incomes 45%-39%). The increase in university hospital incomes is the biggest factor in the next increase (84% of the total income increase I 7.6 billion USD to 9.8 billion USD I ratio of the item against the all incomes 26% -31%). Research grants and research contracts also increased (3 .4 billion USD to 4. 7 billion USD I 11% -15% ), while tuition income decreased ( 4.2 billion USD to 4.1 billion USD I 14%-13%). Private donation income slightly increased from 0.78 billion USD to 0.83 billion USD (3% -3%). Current estimates suggest that in four years university hospital income might eclipse income from governmental block grants. In addition, it is worth noting that, unlike the United States and elsewhere, when the Japanese government decreased the block grants, tuition income decreased as well. Focusing on the individual university, there is a strong negative correlation between the size of total income and the decrease in the governmental block grant. On the other hand, there is a strong positive correlation between the size of total income and the increase in university hospital incomes, research contracts income and research grants. This means that the bigger universities, in terms of total income, the bigger the decrease in block grants they received. At the same time, they received larger increases in hospital income, research contracts income and research grants. This means that the bigger universities, in terms of total income, the bigger the decrease in block grants they received. At the same time, they received larger increases in hospital income, research contracts income and research grant income. Only the change ratio of governmental block grants is significantly correlated (negatively) with the size of total incomes. This means that once the size of each university's total income is controlled, there is no clear correlation between the size of total income and the change ratio of other income, e.g., research grants income. However, the change ratio of total incomes is still positively correlated with the size of total university incomes. Above all, the size of total income of the national universities has a strong effect on the change ratio of total incomes. This means that under this financial arrangement, large and comprehensive universities have large advantages in earning money. This may pose certain risks to long term academic diversities and harmony among the national universities.

In this paper, I will show the purpose (Section 1) and structure (Section 2) of this paper. And I will briefly introduce the human capital theory and signaling theory (Section 3). Then, I will overview the developments of rate of return to schooling studies done by researchers of foreign countries, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom (Section 4). Next I will summarize the rate of return to schooling studies done by Japanese researchers (Section 5). Finally I will compare both of them and clarify the significance and future challenges of such studies by Japanese researchers (Section 6). Section 4 demonstrates that rate of return studies by foreign researchers were especially focused on the net rate of return to schooling with ability data, twin data and IV estimates, excluding the ability and selection biases. Section 5 explains that Japanese researchers focused on the very detailed economic structure of academic credentialism, while paying insufficient attention to net rate of return to schooling. They also calculated very sophisticated estimates of rate of return to schooling by sizes and industries of companies, or to individual universities or schools. I conclude that the above sophisticated estimates of rate of return by Japanese researchers are unique and calculated based on the social concern on “ Examination Hell”. Future challenges must devote more attentions to ability biases, and also focus on the detailed economic structure of academic credentialism.

This paper attempts an economic analysis of students' college choice. There are many preceding studies of this topic. Most of them confirm that direct cost and parents' income affect students' college choice, but some of them do not incorporate the benefits arising from educational investment (e.g., Yano and Hamanaka, 2006). Conversely, others (e.g., Shima, 1999) consider the rate of return affect students' college choice.Most studies have been based on macro-level data and focused on time series change. In contrast, this paper seeks to clarify the economic analysis of students' college choice based on micro-level data (sample size: 2000) collected by the Kaneko Research Group with funds provided by a grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.The findings are as follows: (1) the economic variables (parents' income and perception of ability for college investments) affect students' college choices based on the micro-level data; (2) the benefit variable of educational investment also affects students' college choices when based on the micro-level data; (3) perception of ability for college investment affects students' college choice most weakly.

In 2004, all national universities were incorporated. At the same time, an efficiency coefficient and a management improvement coefficient were built into the funding formula for national university corporations. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effects of both coefficients for the second mid-term plan period and third mid-term planning period, by focusing on university types.The second section will review the pre-studies which relate to the efficiency coefficient and management improvement coefficient. The third section will explain the funding formula, with a focus especially on the two coefficients. The fourth section employs a simplified version of the funding formula to estimate the effects. The fifth section will clarify the effects based on the several assumptions which are used in the simplification of the formula. The sixth section discusses the results and draws the implications for employment of the funding formula for second or third mid-term plan periods. In the final section the limitations and constraints of this study are identified.The main finding of this paper is that colleges of education will face the hardest financial situations, even in this second mid-term plan period. They have to cut their expenditures on consumables by more than 10%; in terms of the third mid-term plan period, they have to cut their consumables by nearly 50%.So, for the second, or at least the third mid-term plan periods, there must be some adjustment to the coefficients, reflecting university type and financial structure.

コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > 電子書籍・電子雑誌 > 独立行政法人

コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > 電子書籍・電子雑誌 > 独立行政法人

コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > 電子書籍・電子雑誌 > 独立行政法人

<p> Declining rates of high school graduates since 1992 in Japan are beginning to seriously challenge the financial resources of private universities which rely heavily on student tuition. The purpose of this paper is to cast light on the management of private universities in Japan by clarifying their financial structures.</p><p> Using data from the <i>Survey of Financial Conditions of Private Schools</i> for fiscal year 1996, we investigate the financial affairs of private universities and 2-year colleges in Japan. The main findings of this paper are that revenue income (which includes tuition fees, gifts, and endowment) is influenced by market conditions such as prestige, tradition, and location and second, though the balance between revenue and expenditures is partly affected by market conditions, it is determined much more by institutional factors such as faculty salaries and studentteacher ratios.</p><p> Based on this empirical analysis, we suggest four options to maintain equilibrium between revenue and expenditures that individual institutions can take into account with their market conditions.</p>

「「研究の研究」は、わが国ではようやく緒についたところであり、研究の蓄積が少ない」と大崎(1998)によって指摘がなされているように、その蓄積が社会的に強く望まれながらも研究が十分に進められていないテーマである。しかしながら ...

資料形態 : テキストデータ プレーンテキスト コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌

<p> The purposes of this paper are as follows : 1) We analyze how school expenses have risen since 1968, and how parents and students have met them. 2) We examine whether the relative differences between the expenses of students who live at home and those who board ; and the expenses of students who go to national universities and those who go to private universities influence the choices of high school students who intend to go on to university. 3) We clarify how parents and students share school expenses and how school expenses are a burden on them. We used the "<i>Gakusei Seikatsu Chosa</i>" [Student Lifestyles Survey] data to analyze 1) and 2), and we interviewed 59 students (31 men and 28 women ; 30 of these were national university students and 29 private university students) to clarify 3).</p><p> The findings of this article are as follows : 1) School expenses have risen rapidly since 1976 and they have been a burden on most parents but not as much on students. The lifestyle of the average student has been getting more comfortable to a certain extent. 2) The relative differences between expenses for home and board, and for national and private universities influence the choices of high school students. 3) Apart from ordinary students, there are some students who share a large part of school expenses by working at a parttime job. These part time jobs, however, are a burden on their study time.</p><p> Three political implications are abtained from this study. The first is that all students should not be subsidized equally. The second is that student aid programs are much more necessary in order to forward the universalization of higher education, which involves a large element of disadvantaged students. The third is that the issue of what student aid programs should be like still has to be argued.</p>

The nightmare experienced by Japanese students preparing for college entrance examinations is well-known throughout the world. Some economic analyses have attempted to explain why high school students compete so hard to enter colleges, as well as why elementary and junior high school students study diligently. Despite these analyses, much has yet to be clearly explained regarding this topic. This paper will attempt to clarify the following three points : (1) we examine whether time-series change of private internal rates of return for men's college education has influenced the variation in application rates since the 1980s ; (2) we will show the time-series change of rates of return by level of education, size of company, and sector of employment since the 1970s; and (3) we compare ex ante rates of return for 1974 college entrants and their ex post rates of return. Our findings are as follows : (1) The time-series change of private rates of return for men's college education has influenced the variation in application rates positively. (2) Rates of return for average college graduates, and college graduates who work for large-sized companies and in finance have not changed since the 1980s. But rates of return for junior colleges graduates, college graduates who work for small-sized companies and in manufacturing have declined since the latter half of the 1970s. (3) Ex ante rates of return for men's college education do not differ from ex post rates of return very much. But Ex post rates of return for college graduates who work for large-sized companies and in finance are higher than ex ante rates of return. And ex post rates of return for junior college graduates, and college graduates who work for small-sized enterprise and in manufacturing are smaller than ex ante rates of return. Judging from these results, we think that competition to enter more competitive colleges will continue to be fierce, whereas it will be difficult for some less competitive colleges to attract high school students.

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the university decentralization policy has influenced variations in the percentage of applicants for admission to universities between prefectures and to suggest the policy implication of the reconsideration of the policy which is being argued now. In the second section I investigate the articles which were concerned with the effect of the policy of correction of the variations in application rates. In the third section I analyze the time series change of the variations in acceptance and application rates between prefectures. And in the fourth section I make a regression analysis to examine the effect of the policy of correction of the variations in application rates. To conclude, the university decentralization policy has influenced the variation in application rates. But the university decentralization and the correction of variation in application rates have not progressed or retreated since 1986 because the policy has been weakened. If the university decentralization policy is removed, it is expected that the variations in application rates will expand. So I think that the reconsideration of the university decentralization policy should be argued fully from various view points.