This research aimed at the reconstruction of the detailed three-dimensional shape of keyhole-shaped burial mounds with the use of new technologies such as laser metrology. At first four large scale tumuli in Osaka and Okayama have been analyzed and established their standard designs. The use of right-angled triangles were speculated for determining slopes and the unit of measurement for length was the scale imported from China. Next, we have tried to apply this method for smaller mounds and those in other regions. A paper on the result of analyzing four tumuli and the result of newly laser-scanned mounds were published in 2018.

On both sides of type and the scale, the feature of Kofun period grave, big differences always exists. This research tries to clarify a political structure and the community structure of Kofun period from a new side by paying attention to small-scale mounded tomb. It is necessary to clarify concrete aspects of small-scale mounded tomb in the region as basic work to examine this problem. The case study was done for the southern part of the Tohoku region, and it made comparative study with various places based on this. Many small-scale mounded tombs were actively constructed in various places at Kofun period. The unit of the society was examined from the distribution situation of small-scale mounded tomb. A joint society that became the unit of daily agricultural output existed. This unit is formed with the village in several places. It is thought that such a joint society was a basic unit that composes Kofun period society. When Kofun period was begun, many small-scale mounded tombs were widely constructed. This shows that wide participation of the hierarchy buried in small-scale mounded tomb was indispensable.

日本の律令国家とは相対的に独自の文化を維持した、古代の東北北部と北海道の社会を究明する-手法として、武器と馬具を対象に、その生産と流通という観点から検討した。なかでも出土例が多い、武器では刀類と鉄鏃、馬具では轡を主要な検討対象として検討した。金属製品の検討にあたっては、残存有機質部分を含めた詳細な実物観察が必要であり、昨年度に引き続き、北海道を中心に資料調査を行った。 北海道のオホーツク海沿岸地域の、オホーツク文化に伴う蕨手刀には、鍔の平面形が隅丸長方形を呈するもので占められていることが判明した。このような鍔の形態は、他に例のないものであり、日本列島の他の地域から出土した蕨手刀とは、異なった系譜を引くものである可能性も考えられる。今後、大陸の刀剣類の諸例を含めた、広範囲での比較検討が必要である。 馬具では、北海道出土の例が、一部の部材だけが取り外された形で出土しており、馬具本来の用途を失っている。装飾品などに転用された結果と考えられた。この点で、東北北部と北海道では、古代における馬具の受容、馬利用のあり方に相違が認められる。 これらの2ケ年間の検討を通じて、東北北部と、オホーツク文化以外の北海道出土の古代武器・馬具は、基本的に律令国家のもとで製作されたものが移入されたものと考えられた。特に、律令国家における北方との窓口となった、陸奥国の領域内で製作されたものが、多数を占めると予測された。ただし、オホーツク文化では、他地域とは異なるルートで、武器類を移入していたことが推定できる。

We obtained the following result after the investigation on the archaeological field work and research. (1) From the end of Yayoi Era to the beginning of Kohun Era a remarkable change is found in the structure of Doki in southern and northern part of Tohoku district which did not leave the earlier element of that district. Hokuriku type Doki and Tokai type Doki appear and the unification with the Kanto type Doki is noticed in the South, and Hokkaido type Doki appears in the north. The characteristic of Tohoku Type is noticed in the incontinuous development from the Yayoi Era, which decides the later tendency. (2) As for Haji ware we do not notice any remarkable gap in northern Kyushu, and, dislike the stagnant development in the southern, relative change is noticed. The change of Doki is not incompatible with that of village. Number of basic villages in northern Kyushu existed from the Yayoi era and no remarkable changes nor gaps are not recognized, which is true of those of southern Kyushu. (3) As for the change and distribution of the mounded tombs in Tohoku and southern Kyushu, there is a change in the mounded tombs, especially in the tomb of the head, largely in the same period. (4) The ancient horse In the Tohoku and Kyushu is considered to be same in genealogy and form. Probably, it was brought into southern Kyushu by way of Korean peninsula (5) There are underground type tunnel tombs in southern Kyushu and older type cluster of mounded tombs in Tohoku, and the burial type is different respectively, but clusters of mounded tombs built in the same period are densely distributed in common. Types of mounded tombs are regionally different, but the formal community suggests the common political and social structure. (6) The culture of southern Kyushu is an extension of that of Yayoi and different from that of northern Kyushu, but both cultures are broadly same in origin, and merely different in the progress, On the contrary, the culture of northern Tohoku is different from that of Kyushu in the structural element. The cultural difference between Tohoku and Kyushu seems to be brought in because of the spatial distance over the sea and the difference in degree of cultural communication.

In this study, the settlement sites of Jomon period in Eastern Japan are discussed from the structural and regional view points. Moreover, it is another important purpose of this study to throw light on the structural change from Jomon to Yayoi settlement in this region. For these purposes, we collect thoroughly the data of settlement sites, the constructions of dwelling houses or burial places, and remains recovered from them. Then, we had a lot of general surveys and excavated two sites of them. Especially, we investigated many sites in the drainage of large river such as Kitakami, Mabechi, Yoneshiro, and Agano river, and examined their regional characteristics. It's one of the important purpose of this study to establish the effective methods of settlement researches that collect and analyze a lot of information. Then, the system of data-base to collect archaeological records and analyze the information of prehistoric settlement in eastern Japan is constructed and used in practice. Furthermore, some settlement sites such as Nakagami site and Sannogakoi site are excavated to analyze their structure. Then, the cultural materials excavated from Maeda and Tarusawa site are analyzed. On the base of these studies, the structure of Jomon period settlement is examined thoroughly. Now, this researches result a hypothesis that Jomon period settlement pattern change from the circular structure type associated with cemetery to the non-circular type without burial place. Then, we have established the system of data base and settlement analysis. Now, we intend to advance the research on prehistoric and ancient society in Eastern Japan.

1.東北地方北半部の、岩手県・秋田県・青森県の3県を対象地域とし、古墳時代終末期に併行する7世紀以降に、この地域で盛行する古墳墓の集成を行った。個々の古墳墓について資料カードを作成し、既知のデータを収集・整理するとともに、必要に応じて実地調査も行った。 2.既往の調査で出土している遺物を再検討した結果、この地域では、早いもので6世紀末葉、多くは7世紀前半以降に古墳が出現していること、終末は9世紀末まで下る例があることを確認した。同一の古墳群において、7〜9世紀の3世紀にわたって築造が続く例も認められた。 3.このような東北地方北半部における古墳墓の、墳丘・内部主体・副葬品配置等を、他の地域の併行、もしくは近接する時期の古墳と比較検討した。 特に、東北地方北半部の古墳墓の中でも、最も早く出現し、普遍的に分布する内部主体に木棺を直葬するものについては、(1)墳丘下に内部主体を設ける点、(2)木棺の構造が墓壙内に組み合わせ式の木棺を据え付けるものである点、(3)棺の蓋上に土器を供献する場合が多い等の点において、際だった特徴が認められた。このような構造の主体部は、古墳文化が広まる範囲内では、直接的に模倣した対象を見出すことが困難で、古墳の様々な要素を取り入れながら、東北地方北半部で独自に生み出されたものと考えられる。 上記のような、出現期に確立した墳墓様式が、9世紀には墳丘上から墓壙を掘り込む等の変化は見せるものの、その終末まで、ほぼ同じ様式を保ち続けることが確認できた。

1,宮城県南部の、阿武隈川下流域の柴田町・村田町・蔵王町・大河原町・角田市・丸森町・白石市の7市町の範囲を調査対象とし、古墳の分布調査を行った。この地域の133ケ所の古墳(群)・横穴墓(群)について、資料カードを作成し、既知のデータを収集・整理するとともに、実態の不明確な古墳については、実地踏査を行い、墳丘形態や規模などのデータを収集した。既に破壊され、実態不明な古墳については、過去の記録類を探索し、その復元を試みた。 2,この地域に12基確認されている前方後円墳の中で、唯一未調査であった古峯神社古墳の測量調査を行い、主軸長39mの前方後円墳であることを確認し、墳丘形態の特徴を把握した。この調査の際、一連の同じ尾根上において、主軸長約60mの前方後円墳を新たに発見し、略測を行った。 3,以前に乱掘などで出土した遺物については、村田町下清水横穴墓群・丸森町第町古墳群などの資料を実測・図化し、特徴を把握するとともに、墳墓の築造年代をこれらの資料から検討した。踏査の過程で収集した採集遺物についても、同様に資料化を行い、築造年代の検討を行った。既に調査された古墳の出土遺物については、それらの再検討を進めた。 4,これらの調査によって得られたデータを整理し、周辺地域の関連する資料し比較検討を行い、この地域の古墳編年を作成した。これによって、地形的に区分される一定地域内の古墳の変遷の動態を、時期ごとの各小地域間の動向を踏まえた形で明らかにした。

The purpose of this research project is to elucidate the formation processes of the early agricultural societies and their Yayoi culture complex in eastern Japan, and moreover, pursuit the major factors of the cultural and social change from Jomon to Yayoi period in this district. We have carried out our research project and got the results following ; (1) We analyzed the archaeological materials recoverd from Nakagami site, Hanaizumi, Iwate prefecture. And, we throwed light on the burial systems of the Yayoi culture in northeastern Japan. In this site we investigated burial urns, which were fitted into each other's mouth, and probably used for infant burials in the mid-stage of middle Yayoi age. The burial system in northern Tohoku district is very different from the secodary interment of the southern Tohoku region. In conclusion, the development of the culture is very complex in this district. (2) The analysis of the remains from the Nakagami site elucidated the transformation of material cultures, especially pottery type of these periods. (3) We collected the archaeological evidences of basins of the Mabechi and Niida river in the transition period. Particularly, we got the important data of Ongagawa pottery type which is transfered from western Japan to these districts. (4) We elucidated the change of the settlement systems and material cultures of this transitional period in the area of Kitakami dranage and Sendai plain.