顔写真

サツパシー アナワツト
Suppasri Anawat
Suppasri Anawat
所属
災害科学国際研究所 災害評価・低減研究部門 津波工学研究分野
職名
准教授
学位
  • 博士(工学)(東北大学)

  • M.S.(アジア工科大学)

学歴 3

  • 東北大学 工学研究科 土木工学専攻

    ~ 2010年9月8日

  • アジア工科大学院 工学・技術研究科 水工水理学専攻

    ~ 2007年5月24日

  • チュラロンコーン大学 工学研究科 土木工学専攻

    ~ 2005年5月3日

研究キーワード 1

  • 津波工学

研究分野 1

  • 社会基盤(土木・建築・防災) / 防災工学 /

受賞 16

  1. The 14th Nakasone Yasuhiro Award [Incentive Award]

    2018年7月 Institute for International Policy Studies

  2. NRC Merit Award for Scientific Publication

    2017年12月 National Research Council of Sri Lanka

  3. Poster Award

    2017年11月 World Bosai Forum

  4. Costal Engineering Journal Citation Award

    2017年10月 Costal Engineering Journal

  5. Certificate of Appreciation

    2017年6月 Royal Thai Embassy, Tokyo

  6. School Library Publication Award

    2017年6月 School Library Association

  7. Construction Engineering Reserach Award

    2016年6月 Society for the Promotion of Construction Engineering

  8. Paper Encouragement

    2016年5月 JSCE-Tohoku Branch

  9. Best paper award

    2015年11月 International Conference on Sustainable Future for Human Security

  10. Scientific award

    2015年9月 Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science (JSNDS)

  11. Coastal Engineering Paper Encouragement award

    2014年11月 Japan Society of Civil Engineers

  12. Hazard 2000 International Award

    2013年9月 Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science

  13. IJDRR Outstanding Contribution in Reviewing

    2013年6月 International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

  14. Coastal Engineering Journal Award

    2011年11月 Japan Society of Civil Engineers

  15. JAMSTEC Nakanishi Award

    2011年11月 Japan Foundation of Ocean Engineering Societies

  16. TJIA2011 Best Presentation Award

    2011年11月 Thailand-Japan International Academic conference

︎全件表示 ︎最初の5件までを表示

論文 253

  1. Resonance characteristics and impact of the 2006 Pingtung tsunami in southern Taiwan

    An Chi Cheng, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Fumihiko Imamura

    Geoscience Letters 10 (1) 2023年12月

    DOI: 10.1186/s40562-023-00271-0  

    eISSN:2196-4092

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    Tsunami resonance excitation induces tsunami amplification, persistent oscillation, and strong current velocities, which may enlarge coastal hazards in tsunamigenic areas. Historically, the 2006 Pingtung earthquake doublet triggered tsunamis that affected the south Taiwan coast. Studying the resonance features based on past tsunamis is important for assessing tsunami hazards and obtaining critical disaster mitigation information. Here, we elucidate the tsunami resonance oscillation and its impacts along the south Taiwan coast based on synthetic assessment of tsunamis induced by the 2006 Pingtung earthquake doublet. A numerical simulation was performed to replicate the 2006 Pingtung earthquake doublet tsunamis. Then, spatially integrated spectra were obtained via spatiotemporal analysis. The results were compared to tsunami spectra at tide gauges to identify the main oscillation modes, suggesting the main oscillation modes had 13–50 min periods during the 2006 Pingtung earthquake doublet tsunamis. The tsunami resonance oscillations were analyzed based on the main oscillation modes. In the 2006 Pingtung earthquake doublet tsunamis, edge waves occurred along the south Taiwan west coast in most oscillation modes. The Hengchun Peninsula prevents tsunami oscillation transmission, and only part of the oscillation energy at certain periods propagates to the east coast. Furthermore, the spectral amplitude distribution migration across the period domain revealed that energy amplification is a frequency-dependent phenomenon and is responsible for the large tsunami heights and strong tsunami-induced current velocities distributed along the south Taiwan coast during this past tsunami.

  2. Characteristics of consecutive tsunamis and resulting tsunami behaviors in southern Taiwan induced by the Hengchun earthquake doublet on 26 December 2006

    An Chi Cheng, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 23 (2) 447-479 2023年2月3日

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-23-447-2023  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    Consecutive ML 7.0 submarine earthquakes occurred offshore of the Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan, on 26 December 2006. A small tsunami was generated and recorded at tide gauge stations. This important event attracted public interest, as it was generated by an earthquake doublet and produced a tsunami risk for Taiwan. This study analyzed tide gauge tsunami waveforms and numerical simulations to understand the source characteristics and resulting behaviors of tsunamis. The maximum wave heights at the three nearest stations were 0.08g€¯m (Kaohsiung), 0.12g€¯m (Dongkung), and 0.3g€¯m (Houbihu), and only Houbihu recorded the first wave crest as the largest. The tsunami duration was 3.9g€¯h at Dongkung and over 6g€¯h at Kaohsiung and Houbihu. Spectral analyses detected dominant periodic components of spectral peaks on the tsunami waveforms. The period band from 13.6-23.1g€¯min was identified as the tsunami source spectrum, and the approximate fault area for the consecutive tsunamis was estimated to be 800g€¯km2, with central fault depths of 20g€¯km (first earthquake, Mw 7.0) and 33g€¯km (second earthquake, Mw 6.9). The focal mechanisms of the first earthquake, with a strike of 319, dip of 69, and rake of-102, and the second earthquake, with a strike of 151, dip of 48, and rake of 0, could successfully reproduce the observed tsunami waveforms. Numerical simulations suggested that the tsunami waves were coastally trapped on the south coast of Taiwan during the tsunami's passage. The trapped waves propagated along the coast as edge waves, which repeatedly reflected and refracted among the shelves, interfered with incoming incident wave, and resonated with the fundamental modes of the shelves, amplifying and continuing the tsunami wave oscillation. These results elucidated the generation and consequential behaviors of the 2006 tsunami in southern Taiwan, contributing essential information for tsunami warning and coastal emergency response in Taiwan to reduce disaster risk.

  3. AN ACTUAL SITUATION AND FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CASUALTIES CAUSED BY TSUNAMI FIRES: A CASE OF MIYAGI PREFECTURE IN THE 2011 TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE

    Ryota TAKEI, Shuji SETO, Anawat SUPPASRI, Fumihiko IMAMURA

    Japanese Journal of JSCE 79 (17) n/a-n/a 2023年

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/jscejj.23-17179  

    eISSN:2436-6021

  4. RALITY AND FUTURE ISSUES IN THE PROCESS OF FINDING VICTIMS IN THE DEBRIS OF THE 2011 TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

    Kosei SHINODA, Shuji SETO, Anawat SUPPASRI, Fumihiko IMAMURA

    Japanese Journal of JSCE 79 (17) n/a-n/a 2023年

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/jscejj.23-17049  

    eISSN:2436-6021

  5. Factors affecting worriedness: A study of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan

    Penpichaya Lertsakornsiri, Passarawan Sritanawatkul, Alfan Kurnia Yudha, Natt Leelawat, Jing Tang, Anawat Suppasri, Miwako Kitamura, Haruka Tsukuda, Sebastien P. Boret, Yasuaki Onoda, Kumpol Saengtabtim, Fumihiko Imamura, Syamsidik

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 82 103322-103322 2022年11月

    出版者・発行元:Elsevier BV

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103322  

    ISSN:2212-4209

  6. People’s Perception of Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study in Japan

    Daisuke Sasaki, Anawat Suppasri, Haruka Tsukuda, David N. Nguyen, Yasuaki Onoda, Fumihiko Imamura

    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (19) 12146-12146 2022年9月25日

    出版者・発行元:MDPI AG

    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912146  

    eISSN:1660-4601

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    This study aims to examine people’s perception of well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan and quantitatively clarify key factors towards realizing evidence-based policymaking. In March 2022, 400 participants responded to a survey conducted through Rakuten Insight. The authors applied an ordinal logistic regression (OLR), followed by principal component analysis (PCA), to create a new compound indicator (CI) to represent people’s perception of well-being during the pandemic in addition to ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with a forward-backward stepwise selection method, where the dependent variable is the principal component score of the first principal component (PC1), while the independent variables are the same as the abovementioned OLR. Consequently, while analyzing OLR, some independent variables showed statistical significance, while the CI provided an option to grasp people’s perception of well-being. Furthermore, family structure was statistically significant in all cases of OLR and OLS. Moreover, in terms of the standardized coefficients (beta) of OLS, the family structure had the greatest impact on the CI. Based on the study results, the authors advocate that the Japanese government should pay more attention to single-person households affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

  7. The near-field tsunami generated by the 15 January 2022 eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano and its impact on Tongatapu, Tonga

    Kwanchai Pakoksung, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Scientific Reports 12 (1) 2022年9月7日

    出版者・発行元:Springer Science and Business Media LLC

    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19486-w  

    eISSN:2045-2322

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    Abstract On 15 January 2022 at 04:15 UTC, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcano in Tonga produced a massive eruption that triggered a transoceanic tsunami generated by the coupled ocean and atmospheric shock wave produced during the explosion. The tsunami first reached the coast of Tonga and eventually reached many coasts around the world. This volcano previously underwent a massive eruption in 1100 AD, and an eruption occurs approximately every 1000 years. The 2022 HTHH event provides an opportunity to study a major volcanically generated tsunami that caused substantial damage. In this study, we present a numerical simulation of a tsunami with a state-of-the-art numerical model based on a submarine explosion scenario. We constrain the geometry and magnitude of the explosion energy source based on analyses of pre- and post-event satellite images, which demonstrate that the explosion magnitude varied from 1 to 90 megatons of trinitrotoluene (Mt). Estimated submarine explosion geometries result in a suitable explosion magnitude of approximately 25 Mt, as determined with the waveform from the tide gauge in the time and frequency domains. The tsunami wave first reached the northwestern part of Tonga’s Tongatapu within 10 min, with a maximum runup height of approximately 15 m, and covered the whole of Tongatapu within 30 min. Finally, the numerical simulation provides deep insights into the physical volcanic explosion processes and improves our understanding and forecasting capabilities of frequent and catastrophic tsunamis caused by submarine volcanic explosions.

  8. The probability of community-scale building damage and economic loss in Thailand increased after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

    Kwanchai Pakoksung, Panon Latcharote, Pongsak Suttinon, Pongsun Bunditsakulchai, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 79 2022年9月

    出版者・発行元:ELSEVIER

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103171  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    Understanding the impacts of tsunamis, especially in terms of damage and losses, is important for disaster mitigation and management. This study aims to estimate the building damage and economic loss (direct and indirect) changes for two periods before and after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT) on Patong Beach in Phuket Province, Thailand. We begin to produce the tsunami hazard map using the TUNAMI-N2 model and examine the change in buildings during the two periods. Next, the fragility curve established from the 2004 IOT was applied with the hazard map and construction unit cost to estimate the damage losses as direct losses. Then, we adopt the exogenous multiregional input-output (MRIO) table method to distinguish the indirect regional economic losses throughout the country. Finally, the indirect losses are estimated by using the economic structure based on the MRIO table. Our results show that over a 15-year period, the number of buildings in Patong Beach increased by approximately 30% since the 2004 IOT. The greatest increase was observed for hotels/restaurants (18%), followed by houses (10%). The increase in building density affected the water level, increasing in the area close to the coastline while decreasing in the area far from the coastline. This impact reveals that the mean inundation in the whole area is reduced by 4%. Buildings show higher damage in the area close to the coastline, which increased by approximately 10%. Based on the 2004 IOT, the direct damage losses also increased by approximately 58%, in which the highest direct loss was in hotel/ restaurant buildings, followed by stores/warehouses. The indirect losses of the inundated building increased by approximately 55% compared with the direct losses from the 2004 IOT. Among the impacted sectors in the MRIO table, the hotel/restaurant sector suffered the highest losses; within this sector, the fishery sector was most affected, followed by the food production sector and then the crop sector. On the regional scale, Bangkok has the highest impact, with the second-highest impact in the east and the next highest impact in the west. To consider the difference between the two periods, the indirect loss increased by 48% and 43% on the sector and regional scales, respectively. Approximately 55% of the overall economic losses were indirect, including the economic impacts of increased construction in the coastal risk area of Phuket Island on Thailand's economy. This approach could be useful for stakeholders and policymakers for future tsunami mitigation in cases at the community scale.

  9. The probability of community-scale building damage and economic loss in Thailand increased after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

    Kwanchai Pakoksung, Panon Latcharote, Pongsak Suttinon, Pongsun Bunditsakulchai, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 79 2022年9月

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103171  

    ISSN:2212-4209

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    Understanding the impacts of tsunamis, especially in terms of damage and losses, is important for disaster mitigation and management. This study aims to estimate the building damage and economic loss (direct and indirect) changes for two periods before and after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT) on Patong Beach in Phuket Province, Thailand. We begin to produce the tsunami hazard map using the TUNAMI-N2 model and examine the change in buildings during the two periods. Next, the fragility curve established from the 2004 IOT was applied with the hazard map and construction unit cost to estimate the damage losses as direct losses. Then, we adopt the exogenous multiregional input–output (MRIO) table method to distinguish the indirect regional economic losses throughout the country. Finally, the indirect losses are estimated by using the economic structure based on the MRIO table. Our results show that over a 15-year period, the number of buildings in Patong Beach increased by approximately 30% since the 2004 IOT. The greatest increase was observed for hotels/restaurants (18%), followed by houses (10%). The increase in building density affected the water level, increasing in the area close to the coastline while decreasing in the area far from the coastline. This impact reveals that the mean inundation in the whole area is reduced by 4%. Buildings show higher damage in the area close to the coastline, which increased by approximately 10%. Based on the 2004 IOT, the direct damage losses also increased by approximately 58%, in which the highest direct loss was in hotel/restaurant buildings, followed by stores/warehouses. The indirect losses of the inundated building increased by approximately 55% compared with the direct losses from the 2004 IOT. Among the impacted sectors in the MRIO table, the hotel/restaurant sector suffered the highest losses; within this sector, the fishery sector was most affected, followed by the food production sector and then the crop sector. On the regional scale, Bangkok has the highest impact, with the second-highest impact in the east and the next highest impact in the west. To consider the difference between the two periods, the indirect loss increased by 48% and 43% on the sector and regional scales, respectively. Approximately 55% of the overall economic losses were indirect, including the economic impacts of increased construction in the coastal risk area of Phuket Island on Thailand's economy. This approach could be useful for stakeholders and policymakers for future tsunami mitigation in cases at the community scale.

  10. Quantifying tsunami impact on industrial facilities and production capacity in ports: An application to Sendai Port, Japan

    Anawat Suppasri, Tomoki Nishida, Kwanchai Pakoksung, An-Chi Cheng, Constance Ting Chua, Tomoya Iwasaki, Gianluca Pescaroli, Fumihiko Imamura

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 78 2022年8月

    出版者・発行元:ELSEVIER

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103141  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and subsequent tsunami is one of the costliest natural hazards to date. Losses were not only from physical damage alone. Indirect losses due to business interruptions and their consequential impacts on the rest of the economy and supply chain account for most losses. In this study, 12 companies across five industrial sectors in Miyagi Prefecture were interviewed to gain a better understanding about the damage that were sustained by their factories during the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami as well as subsequent earthquake and tsunami events. The study investigates (i) the vulnerability of mechanical structures to tsunami impacts, and (ii) the recovery rates of production capacity for various industrial sectors through interviews with companies from various industrial sectors. In addition, tsunami risk assessment is performed for future tsunami scenarios using Sendai Port as a case study. Results from this study indicate that only 1-2 m of flow depth is enough to cause damage to mechanical structures in most industries, which disrupts operations. In addition, recovery rates of production capacity vary at different tsunami inundation levels. Full recovery of production capacity can occur as quickly as 1-2 months later and as late as 10-12 months later depending on the situation. Tsunami risk assessment demonstrates that using structural fragility functions alone might underestimate the actual loss of industries and that most industries in Sendai Port are potentially capable of recovering within eight months after large future tsunami.

  11. Quantifying tsunami impact on industrial facilities and production capacity in ports: An application to Sendai Port, Japan

    Anawat Suppasri, Tomoki Nishida, Kwanchai Pakoksung, An Chi Cheng, Constance Ting Chua, Tomoya Iwasaki, Gianluca Pescaroli, Fumihiko Imamura

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 78 2022年8月

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103141  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and subsequent tsunami is one of the costliest natural hazards to date. Losses were not only from physical damage alone. Indirect losses due to business interruptions and their consequential impacts on the rest of the economy and supply chain account for most losses. In this study, 12 companies across five industrial sectors in Miyagi Prefecture were interviewed to gain a better understanding about the damage that were sustained by their factories during the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami as well as subsequent earthquake and tsunami events. The study investigates (i) the vulnerability of mechanical structures to tsunami impacts, and (ii) the recovery rates of production capacity for various industrial sectors through interviews with companies from various industrial sectors. In addition, tsunami risk assessment is performed for future tsunami scenarios using Sendai Port as a case study. Results from this study indicate that only 1–2 m of flow depth is enough to cause damage to mechanical structures in most industries, which disrupts operations. In addition, recovery rates of production capacity vary at different tsunami inundation levels. Full recovery of production capacity can occur as quickly as 1–2 months later and as late as 10–12 months later depending on the situation. Tsunami risk assessment demonstrates that using structural fragility functions alone might underestimate the actual loss of industries and that most industries in Sendai Port are potentially capable of recovering within eight months after large future tsunami.

  12. Optimal probabilistic placement of facilities using a surrogate model for 3D tsunami simulations

    Kenta Tozato, Shuji Moriguchi, Shinsuke Takase, Yu Otake, Michael R. Motley, Anawat Suppasri, Kenjiro Terada

    2022年8月1日

    出版者・発行元:Copernicus GmbH

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-2022-208  

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    Abstract. Tsunamis are associated with numerous uncertainties. Therefore, there has been an emphasis on setting the placement of infrastructure facilities based on probabilistic approaches. However, advanced numerical simulations have been often insufficiently utilized due to high computational costs. Therefore, in this study, we developed a framework that could efficiently utilize the information obtained from advanced numerical simulations for probabilistic assessment and investigation of the optimal placement of facilities based on calculated probability. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) techniques were employed for utilizing the data from the numerical simulations for probabilistic risk evaluation. We constructed a surrogate model in which POD was efficiently used to extract the spatial modes. The results of the numerical simulation were expressed as a linear combination of the modes, and the POD coefficients were expressed as a function of the uncertainty parameters to represent a result of an arbitrary scenario at a low computational cost. We conducted numerical simulations of the 2011 tsunami off the Pacific Coast caused by Tohoku Earthquake as an example of the method proposed in this study. The tsunami reached the target area, and the fault parameters of “slip” and “rake” were selected as the target uncertainties. We then created several scenarios in which these parameters were changed and conducted further numerical simulations using POD to construct a surrogate model. We selected the maximum inundation depth in the target area and the maximum impact force that acts on the buildings as the target risk indices, and we constructed a surrogate model of the spatial distributions of each indicator. Furthermore, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations using the constructed surrogate model and the information on fluctuations in uncertainties to calculate the spatial distribution of the failure criterion exceedance probabilities. We then used the Monte Carlo simulation results and a genetic algorithm to identify the optimal placement of facilities based on probability. We also discuss how the optimal placement changes according to differences in risk indices and the differences between parallel and series systems. The failure scenarios for each system are also discussed based on the failure probability. We show that the proposed method of efficiently utilizing advanced numerical simulation information was useful for conducting probabilistic hazard assessments and investigating the optimal placement of facilities based on probability theory.

  13. A study on hypothermia and associated countermeasures in tsunami disasters: A case study of Miyagi Prefecture during the 2011 great East Japan earthquake

    Hirokazu Kamata, Shuji Seto, Anawat Suppasri, Hiroyuki Sasaki, Shinichi Egawa, Fumihiko Imamura

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 81 103253-103253 2022年8月

    出版者・発行元:Elsevier BV

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103253  

    ISSN:2212-4209

  14. Preliminary Observations and Impact in Japan of the Tsunami Caused by the Tonga Volcanic Eruption on January 15, 2022

    Fumihiko Imamura, Anawat Suppasri, Taro Arikawa, Shunichi Koshimura, Kenji Satake, Yuichiro Tanioka

    Pure and Applied Geophysics 179 (5) 1549-1560 2022年5月

    DOI: 10.1007/s00024-022-03058-0  

    ISSN:0033-4553

    eISSN:1420-9136

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    The tsunami caused by the Tonga submarine volcanic eruption that occurred at 13:15 Japan Time (JST) on January 15, 2022, exposed a blind spot in Japan’s tsunami monitoring and warning system, which was established in 1952 for local tsunamis and expanded to distant tsunamis after the 1960 Chile tsunami. This paper summarizes how the warning system responded to the unprecedented tsunami, the actual evacuation process, and the damage it caused in Japan. Initially, the tsunami from the volcanic eruption was expected to arrive at approximately midnight with amplitudes of less than 20 cm. However, a series of short waves arrived at approximately 21:00, a few hours earlier than expected. The early arrival of these sea waves coincided with a rapid increase in atmospheric pressure; then, the short-period component was predominant, and the wave height was amplified while forming wave groups. After a 1.2 m tsunami was observed in Amami City in southern Japan at 23:55 JST, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a tsunami warning/advisory. The tsunami continued, and all advisories were cleared at 14:00 JST on January 16. Information about this tsunami and the response to it are summarized here, including the characteristics and issues of the actual tsunami evacuation situation in each region. There were no casualties, but the issues that emerged included difficulty evacuating on a winter night and traffic congestion due to evacuation by car and under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the coastal area, damage to fishing boats and aquaculture facilities was reported due to the flow of the tsunami. In addition, damage to aquaculture facilities, including those producing oysters, scallops, seaweed and other marine products, decreased the supply of marine products, and the economic impact is likely to increase in the future.

  15. Submarine landslide source modeling using the 3D slope stability analysis method for the 2018 Palu, Sulawesi, tsunami

    Chatuphorn Somphong, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Tsuyoshi Nagasawa, Yuya Narita, Ryunosuke Tawatari, Shohei Iwai, Yukio Mabuchi, Saneiki Fujita, Shuji Moriguchi, Kenjiro Terada, Cipta Athanasius, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22 (3) 891-907 2022年3月17日

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-22-891-2022  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    Studies have indicated that submarine landslides played an important role in the 2018 Sulawesi tsunami event, damaging the coast of Palu Bay in addition to the earthquake source. Most of these studies relied on observed coastal subaerial landslides to reproduce tsunamis but could still not fully explain the observational data. Recently, several numerical models included hypothesized submarine landslides that were taken into account to obtain a better explanation of the event. In this study, for the first time, submarine landslides were simulated by applying a numerical model based on Hovland's 3D slope stability analysis for cohesive-frictional soils. To specify landslide volume and location, the model assumed an elliptical slip surface on a vertical slope of 27ĝ€¯m of mesh-divided terrain and evaluated the minimum safety factor in each mesh area based on the surveyed soil property data extracted from the literature. The soil data were assumed as seabed conditions. The landslide output was then substituted into a two-layer numerical model based on a shallow-water equation to simulate tsunami propagation. The tsunamis induced by the submarine landslide that were modeled in this study were combined with the other tsunami components, i.e., coseismal deformation and tsunamis induced by previous literature's observed subaerial coastal collapse, and validated with various post-event field observational data, including tsunami run-up heights and flow depths around the bay, the inundation area around Palu city, waveforms recorded by the Pantoloan tide gauge, and video-inferred waveforms. The model generated several submarine landslides, with lengths of 0.2-2.0ĝ€¯km throughout Palu Bay. The results confirmed the existence of submarine landslide sources in the southern part of the bay and showed agreement with the observed tsunami data, including run-ups and flow depths. Furthermore, the simulated landslides also reproduced the video-inferred waveforms in three out of six locations. Although these calculated submarine landslides still cannot fully explain some of the observed tsunami data, they emphasize the possible submarine landslide locations in southern Palu Bay that should be studied and surveyed in the future.

  16. AN ANALYSIS OF THE VICTIM FOUND IN DEBRIS OF THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE: A CASE STUDY OF NATORI CITY AND KESENNUMA CITY, MIYAGI PREFECTURE

    Kosei SHINODA, Shuji SETO, Anawat SUPPASRI, Fumihiko IMAMURA

    Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 78 (2) I_355-I_360 2022年

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.78.2_i_355  

    ISSN:1884-2399

    eISSN:1883-8944

  17. Situation of death due to injury and its influencing factors in Miyagi Prefecture in the Great East Japan Earthquake

    Hirokazu KAMATA, Shuji SETO, Anawat SUPPASRI, Fumihiko IMAMURA

    Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 78 (2) I_349-I_354 2022年

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.78.2_i_349  

    ISSN:1884-2399

    eISSN:1883-8944

  18. Cascading disasters triggered by tsunami hazards: A perspective for critical infrastructure resilience and disaster risk reduction

    Anawat Suppasri, Elizabeth Maly, Miwako Kitamura, Syamsidik, Gianluca Pescaroli, David Alexander, Fumihiko Imamura

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 66 2021年12月

    出版者・発行元:ELSEVIER

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102597  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    Although many studies have investigated relationships between tsunami characteristics and the impact on physical property and infrastructure, such information cannot explain how the damage to each object or type of infrastructure can trigger failures of other facilities. To understand these connections and the cascading impacts, this article reviewed several recent damaging tsunami events in Japan and Indonesia, including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami. A proposed cascading magnitude scale was applied to each tsunami event to determine and categorize causes, effects, and escalation points. Large tsunamis tend to be associated with earthquakes, liquefaction, and landslides that multiply the scale of impact. The main escalation points for tsunami related disasters were found to be failures of tsunami warnings, power plants, medical facilities, educational facilities, and infrastructure. From the perspectives of critical infrastructure resilience and disaster risk reduction, analysis of cascading impacts of multiple recent tsunami events could contribute to greater understanding of economic, political, and social impacts that stem from technical decisions regarding infrastructure management. Detailed examples of tsunami cases demonstrate the potential scale and extent of damage from cascading events, and by identifying the roles and examples of escalation points, disaster managers and decision-makers can better mitigate cascading impacts by targeting and preventing escalation points. However, more detailed investigation on tsunami characteristics and their impact on failures of each type of facility is still needed to develop tools to support decision-making for better emergency management to address short- and long-term social impacts.

  19. The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: A Message from Japan to Thailand

    Natt Leelawat, Ampan Laosunthara, Jing Tang, Anawat Suppasri, Anat Ruangrassamee, Prasert Akkharaprathompong, Fumihiko Imamura

    JOURNAL OF DISASTER RESEARCH 16 (6) 908-913 2021年9月

    出版者・発行元:FUJI TECHNOLOGY PRESS LTD

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2021.p0908  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    Thailand was among the countries that suffered losses and damage as a result of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami disaster. Ten years have passed since the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. The various lessons learned and research on the 2011 disaster in Japan have reached Thailand. This can be seen in the numerous interactive activities associated to the World Tsunami Awareness Day, as well as several tsunami-related research and development programs applied to the country. This article summarizes those activities and highlights key examples. It also acts as a conduit for related communication between the two countries, Japan and Thailand.

  20. Characteristics of building fragility curves for seismic and non-seismic tsunamis: case studies of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi-Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis

    Elisa Lahcene, Ioanna Ioannou, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Ryan Paulik, Syamsidik Syamsidik, Frederic Bouchette, Fumihiko Imamura

    NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES 21 (8) 2313-2344 2021年8月

    出版者・発行元:COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-21-2313-2021  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    Indonesia has experienced several tsunamis triggered by seismic and non-seismic (i.e., landslides) sources. These events damaged or destroyed coastal buildings and infrastructure and caused considerable loss of life. Based on the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) guidelines, this study assesses the empirical tsunami fragility to the buildings inventory of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi-Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean (Khao Lak-Phuket, Thailand) tsunamis. Fragility curves represent the impact of tsunami characteristics on structural components and express the likelihood of a structure reaching or exceeding a damage state in response to a tsunami intensity measure. The Sunda Strait and Sulawesi-Palu tsunamis are uncommon events still poorly understood compared to the Indian Ocean tsunami (IOT), and their post-tsunami databases include only flow depth values. Using the TUNAMI two-layer model, we thus reproduce the flow depth, the flow velocity, and the hydrodynamic force of these two tsunamis for the first time. The flow depth is found to be the best descriptor of tsunami damage for both events. Accordingly, the building fragility curves for complete damage reveal that (i) in Khao Lak-Phuket, the buildings affected by the IOT sustained more damage than the Sunda Strait tsunami, characterized by shorter wave periods, and (ii) the buildings performed better in Khao Lak-Phuket than in Banda Aceh (Indonesia). Although the IOT affected both locations, ground motions were recorded in the city of Banda Aceh, and buildings could have been seismically dam- aged prior to the tsunami's arrival, and (iii) the buildings of Palu City exposed to the Sulawesi-Palu tsunami were more susceptible to complete damage than the ones affected by the JOT, in Banda Aceh, between 0 and 2 m flow depth. Similar to the Banda Aceh case, the Sulawesi-Palu tsunami load may not be the only cause of structural destruction. The buildings' susceptibility to tsunami damage in the waterfront of Palu City could have been enhanced by liquefaction events triggered by the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake.

  21. Tsunami damage to ports: Cataloguing damage to create fragility functions from the 2011 Tohoku event

    Constance Ting Chua, Adam D. Switzer, Anawat Suppasri, Linlin Li, Kwanchai Pakoksung, David Lallemant, Susanna F. Jenkins, Ingrid Charvet, Terence Chua, Amanda Cheong, Nigel Winspear

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21 (6) 1887-1908 2021年6月17日

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-21-1887-2021  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    Modern tsunami events have highlighted the vulnerability of port structures to these high-impact but infrequent occurrences. However, port planning rarely includes adaptation measures to address tsunami hazards. The 2011 Tohoku tsunami presented us with an opportunity to characterise the vulnerability of port industries to tsunami impacts. Here, we provide a spatial assessment and photographic interpretation of freely available data sources. Approximately 5000 port structures were assessed for damage and stored in a database. Using the newly developed damage database, tsunami damage is quantified statistically for the first time, through the development of damage fragility functions for eight common port industries. In contrast to tsunami damage fragility functions produced for buildings from an existing damage database, our fragility functions showed higher prediction accuracies (up to 75% accuracy). Pre-tsunami earthquake damage was also assessed in this study and was found to influence overall damage assessment. The damage database and fragility functions for port industries can inform structural improvements and mitigation plans for ports against future events.

  22. Tsunami damage to ports: cataloguing damage to create fragility functions from the 2011 Tohoku event

    Constance Ting Chua, Adam D. Switzer, Anawat Suppasri, Linlin Li, Kwanchai Pakoksung, David Lallemant, Susanna F. Jenkins, Ingrid Charvet, Terence Chua, Amanda Cheong, Nigel Winspear

    NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES 21 (6) 1887-1908 2021年6月

    出版者・発行元:COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-21-1887-2021  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    Modern tsunami events have highlighted the vulnerability of port structures to these high-impact but infrequent occurrences. However, port planning rarely includes adaptation measures to address tsunami hazards. The 2011 Tohoku tsunami presented us with an opportunity to characterise the vulnerability of port industries to tsunami impacts. Here, we provide a spatial assessment and photographic interpretation of freely available data sources. Approximately 5000 port structures were assessed for damage and stored in a database. Using the newly developed damage database, tsunami damage is quantified statistically for the first time, through the development of damage fragility functions for eight common port industries. In contrast to tsunami damage fragility functions produced for buildings from an existing damage database, our fragility functions showed higher prediction accuracies (up to 75 % accuracy). Pre-tsunami earthquake damage was also assessed in this study and was found to influence overall damage assessment. The damage database and fragility functions for port industries can inform structural improvements and mitigation plans for ports against future events.

  23. Consideration of submarine landslide induced by 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami within Palu Bay

    Kaori Nagai, Abdul Muhari, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Masashi Watanabe, Anawat Suppasri, Taro Arikawa, Fumihiko Imamura

    COASTAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 63 (4) 446-466 2021年6月

    出版者・発行元:TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD

    DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2021.1933749  

    ISSN:2166-4250

    eISSN:1793-6292

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    On September 28 2018, an Mw 7.5 strike-slip earthquake occurred to the north of Palu Bay on the Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. This triggered a destructive tsunami within the bay, which reached Palu city. Simulation have been conducted to investigate the landslide source. However, the tsunami should be investigated considering a physical model in the area where detailed bathymetric survey had not been conducted. In this study, we investigated the impact of coastal landslides on the southern part of the bay using a two-layer model. Owing to the increasing collapse volume, the southern west coastal landslide could approximately explain the observations in Palu city. However, the calculated mass volume of the source largely overestimated the bathymetric survey data. Hence, we considered the possibility of submarine landslide in the southern part of the bay and the simulation results could approximately explain the maximum tsunami heights in the southern part of the bay. These results suggest that more detailed multibeam data will be required to investigate the possible submarine landslide in the southern area which could induce a destructive tsunami reaching Palu city within a few minutes after the collapse.

  24. Perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan with respect to cultural, information, disaster and social issues

    Anawat Suppasri, Miwako Kitamura, Haruka Tsukuda, Sebastien P. Boret, Gianluca Pescaroli, Yasuaki Onoda, Fumihiko Imamura, David Alexander, Natt Leelawat, Syamsidik

    Progress in Disaster Science 10 2021年4月

    DOI: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100158  

    eISSN:2590-0617

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    A questionnaire survey was distributed via the Internet to 600 respondents. Preliminary results revealed that most Japanese people regularly washed their hands and had low resistance to wearing masks even before the COVID-19 pandemic. Internet news was the most common source of information. Half of the respondents said they would “stay at home evacuation” if a disaster occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting the strategy promoted to reduce crowding in evacuation shelters. If a state of emergency must be reinstated, one-third of respondents said they could bear it for a few months and another one-third for a few weeks.

  25. Editorial for special issue “interdisciplinary geosciences perspectives of tsunami volume 3”

    Anawat Suppasri

    Geosciences (Switzerland) 11 (3) 2021年3月

    DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11030146  

    eISSN:2076-3263

  26. Fifteen years of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh-Indonesia: Mitigation, preparedness and challenges for a long-term disaster recovery process

    Syamsidik, Rina Suryani Oktari, Agus Nugroho, Mirza Fahmi, Anawat Suppasri, Khairul Munadi, Rajuli Amra

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 54 2021年2月15日

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102052  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    It has been a decade and a half since the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami devastated people's lives in Aceh, Indonesia. Over the years, there was a massive reconstruction process, which was conducted between 2005 and 2009, to rebuild the areas affected by the tsunami. The recovery process was later continued by the local government in Aceh. Up until 2019, there have been four different recovery process assessments, i.e. (1) in 2009 performed by the Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR Aceh-Nias), (2) in 2012 by Tsunami and the Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), (3) in 2014 by TDMRC and the Aceh Provincial Disaster Management Agency (BPBA), and (4) in 2019 by TDMRC and BPBA. This study is aimed at reporting the progress of the long-term tsunami recovery process from a perspective of disaster management (preparedness, mitigation, and policies). The first three recovery process assessment reports were synthesized using comprehensive literature reviews. During the reviews, this study applied Hyogo Frameworks for Actions (HFA) to identified key achievements during the recovery phases. The fourth tsunami recovery assessment was performed between March and October 2019 through a questionnaire survey involving 1087 respondents within three groups (Individuals, Public Health Clinics/Puskesmas, and Schools) and a focus group discussion. The questionnaire survey was performed in 9 districts in Aceh, which were once severely affected by the 2004 tsunami. The literature reviews of the reports that were previously conducted, identified that large achievements in tsunami mitigation and preparedness were found at the end of 2009. However, the frequency and involving parties in the mitigation and preparedness decreased significantly, especially after 2012. This study also reveals that tsunami preparedness at the community level is in a good condition. However, some schools and Puskesmas are unprepared to face a tsunami emergency situation, due to lack of emergency drills and operational guidelines for efficient tsunami responses.

  27. Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis of inundated buildings following a subaqueous volcanic explosion based on the 1716 tsunami scenario in taal lake, philippines

    Kwanchai Pakoksung, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Geosciences (Switzerland) 11 (2) 1-23 2021年2月

    DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11020092  

    eISSN:2076-3263

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    A probabilistic hazard analysis of a tsunami generated by a subaqueous volcanic explosion was performed for Taal Lake in the Philippines. The Taal volcano at Taal Lake is an active volcano on Luzon Island in the Philippines, and its eruption would potentially generate tsunamis in the lake. This study aimed to analyze a probabilistic tsunami hazard of inundated buildings for tsunami mitigation in future scenarios. To determine the probabilistic tsunami hazard, different explosion diameters were used to generate tsunamis of different magnitudes in the TUNAMI-N2 model. The initial water level in the tsunami model was estimated based on the explosion energy. The tsunami-induced inundation from the TUNAMI-N2 model was overlaid on the distribution of buildings. The tsunami hazard analysis of inundated buildings was performed by using the maximum inundation depth in each explosion case. These products were used to calculate the probability of the inundated building given the occurrence of a subaqueous explosion. The results from this study can be used for future tsunami mitigation if a tsunami is generated by a subaqueous volcanic explosion.

  28. EXAMINATION OF CASUALTY EASTIMATION MODELS BASED ON THE VICTIM INFORMATION IN CASE OF THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AT ISHINOMAKI CITY, MIYAGI PREFECTURE

    Tomoki SERIKAWA, Shuji SETO, Anawat SUPPASRI, Fumihiko IMAMURA

    Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 77 (2) I_1069-I_1074 2021年

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.77.2_i_1069  

    ISSN:1884-2399

    eISSN:1883-8944

  29. ANALYSIS OF THE ACTUAL SITUATION OF HYPOTHERMIA VICTIMS IN MIYAGI PREFECTURE IN CASE OF THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE

    Hirokazu KAMATA, Shuji SETO, Anawat SUPPASRI, Fumihiko IMAMURA

    Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 77 (2) I_1075-I_1080 2021年

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.77.2_i_1075  

    ISSN:1884-2399

    eISSN:1883-8944

  30. Predictive Analysis of the Building Damage from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami using Decision Tree Classification Related Algorithms

    Kumpol Saengtabtim, Natt Leelawat, Jing Tang, Wanit Treeranurat, Narunporn Wisittiwong, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Fumihiko Imamura, Noriyuki Takahashi, Ingrid Charvet

    IEEE Access 2021年

    DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3060114  

    eISSN:2169-3536

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    When considering a tsunami disaster, many researchers have considered the tsunami’s flow depth and velocity as the primary contributors to the building damage. Additionally, the majority of these studies have used the maximum value as the measure of each of these two factors. However, building damage may not occur when the maximum flow depth and the maximum flow velocity of the tsunami are reached. This study addressed two objectives based on the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Firstly, to find out whether the maximum values of the flow depth and flow velocity are the same as their critical values and, secondly, to verify which combination of the parameters is the best predictor of the building damage level. The data from 18,000 buildings in Ishinomaki City, Japan, with the cooperation of the Japanese joint survey team, were analyzed using the decision tree related algorithms. The critical variables were the simulated data at the time when the buildings collapsed. The analysis showed the accuracy of the prediction based on the group of variables. Finally, the findings showed that the combination of the critical flow depth and maximum flow velocity provided the highest accuracy for classifying the level of building damage.

  31. MPM–FEM hybrid method for granular mass–water interaction problems

    Shaoyuan Pan, Yuya Yamaguchi, Anawat Suppasri, Shuji Moriguchi, Kenjiro Terada

    Computational Mechanics 2021年

    DOI: 10.1007/s00466-021-02024-2  

    ISSN:0178-7675

    eISSN:1432-0924

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    The present study proposes an MPM (material point method)–FEM (finite element method) hybrid analysis method for simulating granular mass–water interaction problems, in which the granular mass causes dynamic motion of the surrounding water. While the MPM is applied to the solid (soil) phase whose motion is suitably represented by Lagrangian description, the FEM is applied to the fluid (water) phase that is adapted for Eulerian description. Also, the phase-field approach is employed to capture the free surface. After the accuracy of the proposed method is tested by comparing the results to some analytical solutions of the consolidation theory, several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate its capability in simulating fluid motions induced by granular mass movements.

  32. Coastal and settlement typologies-based tsunami modeling along the northern Sumatra seismic gap zone for disaster risk reduction action plans

    Abdi Jihad, Umar Muksin, Syamsidik, Anawat Suppasri, Marwan Ramli, Vrieslend H. Banyunegoro

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 51 2020年12月

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101800  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    Since after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, multiple efforts have been carried out to investigate the occurrence potential of tsunami-generating earthquakes. One of the studies concluded that large earthquakes are expected to occur along the seismic gap zone in the west coast of Sumatra and thus have the potential to generate tsunamis. The objectives of the research are to (1) investigate the existence of the seismic gap zone and to calculate the potential energy of expected earthquakes along the zone; (2) develop a tsunami model based on the relation between tsunami amplitude, arrival time, and coastal and settlement typologies; and (3) suggest tsunami mitigation action plans for surrounding areas in order to reduce the risk of disaster. The earthquake distribution in Aceh indicates the presence of a seismic gap zone in the west coast of Aceh, indicated by the decrease in seismic activities within the area since 2008. The potential energy is equivalent to an Mw 8.7 earthquake. The earthquake has the potential to generate a tsunami with a maximum amplitude of 20 m in the west coast of Aceh. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) analysis was applied to determine the hazard and vulnerability levels. Having the information of hazards and vulnerability, we derived the priority level of the study area and suggested the tsunami mitigation action that needs to be applied to the area. The results indicate that the AHP method gave stable results in the determination of the vulnerability, hazard, and priority levels and thus can be used for other regions of similar coastal and settlement typologies. The results also show that Banda Aceh, Calang, and Meulaboh cities are zones of priority level 1, where all components of tsunami action plans should be implemented, comprising (1) the provision of an early warning system and related information; (2) the construction of evacuation routes and buildings; (3) the improvement of knowledge of disaster risk; and (4) the strengthening of awareness and preparedness. All action plans should be applied for Blang Pidie, as the city is included in an area of priority level 2. For the areas with priority level 3, including Tapak Tuan, and Singkil, the government should improve knowledge of disaster risk and strengthen community awareness and preparedness.

  33. Investigating beach erosion related with tsunami sediment transport at Phra Thong Island, Thailand, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

    Ryota Masaya, Anawat Suppasri, Kei Yamashita, Fumihiko Imamura, Chris Gouramanis, Natt Leelawat

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20 (10) 2823-2841 2020年10月28日

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-20-2823-2020  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 TÅ hoku earthquake and tsunami caused large-scale topographic changes in coastal areas. Whereas much research has focused on coastlines that have or had large human populations, little focus has been paid to coastlines that have little or no infrastructure. The importance of examining erosional and depositional mechanisms of tsunami events lies in the rapid reorganization that coastlines must undertake immediately after an event. A thorough understanding of the pre-event conditions is paramount to understanding the natural reconstruction of the coastal environment. This study examines the location of sediment erosion and deposition during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami event on the relatively pristine Phra Thong Island, Thailand. Coupled with satellite imagery, we use numerical simulations and sediment transportation models to determine the locations of significant erosion and the areas where much of that sediment was redeposited during the tsunami inundation and backwash processes. Our modeling approach suggests that beaches located in two regions on Phra Thong Island were significantly eroded by the 2004 tsunami, predominantly during the backwash phase of the first and largest wave to strike the island. Although 2004 tsunami deposits are found on the island, we demonstrate that most of the sediment was deposited in the shallow coastal area, facilitating quick recovery of the beach when normal coastal processes resumed.

  34. Vulnerability of Florida residential structures to hurricane induced coastal flood

    Andres Paleo-Torres, Kurtis Gurley, Jean Paul Pinelli, Mohammad Baradaranshoraka, Mingwei Zhao, Anawat Suppasri, Xinlai Peng

    Engineering Structures 220 2020年10月1日

    DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111004  

    ISSN:0141-0296

    eISSN:1873-7323

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    This paper presents a methodology to develop hurricane induced coastal flood vulnerability functions for residential construction based on empirical tsunami fragility functions. A force equivalency mapping procedure first transforms the tsunami fragility functions into coastal flood fragility functions. Following the quantification of the damage states and the incorporation of repair costs, the coastal flood fragility functions translate into coastal flood vulnerability functions. Insurance claims data from the National Flood Insurance Program and vulnerability functions independently derived by the US Army Corps of Engineers are employed to validate single-story on-grade timber and reinforced masonry structure model outputs. The limitations of the model and future developments are discussed.

  35. Challenges in increasing community preparedness against tsunami hazards in tsunami-prone small islands around Sumatra, Indonesia

    Syamsidik, Teuku Muhammad Rasyif, Anawat Suppasri, Mirza Fahmi, Musa Al'ala, Wan Akmal, Teuku Mudi Hafli, Arisna Fauzia

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 47 2020年8月

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101572  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    Fifteen years since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which caused massive destruction around the Andaman Sea, people have participated in efforts to reduce tsunami risks in Indonesia. However, the most important question continues to be on whether such efforts are sufficient in dealing with tsunami risks. Among the most striking challenges here is bridging the gap in tsunami risk reduction between the Sumatra mainland and among communities in several small islands. Thus, this research aims to investigate the recent conditions of selected towns/cities in tsunami-prone small islands and identify the impediments to their tsunami hazard preparedness. It focuses on comparing efforts in terms of available facilities for tsunami evacuation plans and the tsunami estimated time of arrival (ETA), which is computed based on deterministic tsunami propagation models. In this regard, five of the observed locations are classified as being in a critical tsunami preparedness condition, namely Balai island, Lahewa of Nias Island, Sabeugunggung of North pagai Island, Surat Aban of South Pagai island, and Enggano Island. Most of them have limited space for tsunami evacuation and a short tsunami ETA, which constitutes an extreme condition requiring immediate tsunami mitigation measures. One possible approach is to construct a vertical tsunami evacuation building or modify existing buildings that can be used for tsunami evacuation on the islands. This article also highlights societal aspects related to tsunami preparedness.

  36. Justification of possible casualty-reduction countermeasures based on global tsunami hazard assessment for tsunami-prone regions over the past 400 years

    Takuro Otake, Constance Ting Chua, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Journal of Disaster Research 15 (4) 490-502 2020年6月

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2020.p0490  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    Tsunami hazards can be considered as multiregional in their impacts, as transoceanic waves can propagate beyond local areas, as evidenced in recent tsunami events, e.g., the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Great East Japan tsunamis. However, in a single event, the characteristics of a tsunami (wave amplitude and arrival time) can differ from location to location, due to a myriad of reasons including distance from the source, bathymetry of the seafloor, and local effects. Tsunami countermeasures cannot be similarly applied globally. It is prudent to investigate tsunami hazard characteristics at a regional scale in order to evaluate suitable tsunami countermeasures. On this basis, ap-proximately 300 major historical tsunamis have been reproduced in this study based on seismic records over the last 400 years. In this study, numerical analysis was performed to reproduce tsunami waveforms at each global tidal station, and numerical results were verified by comparing them with the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami record data. Non-structural tsunami countermeasures were proposed and selected for each region based on two main criteria – wave amplitudes and arrival times. Evaluation of selected countermea-sures indicate that planning for evacuation processes (such as evacuation route mapping, signage and evacuation drills) are important in all situations. For local large tsunamis, evacuation drills are essential to en-sure a community is well prepared for self-evacuation due to the short amount of time available for evacua-tion. Early warning systems were most effective where tsunamis are of large and distant origins. On the other hand, it would be more appropriate to invest in public alert systems for tsunamis of smaller magnitudes. Using these selection criteria, combinations of counter-measures were proposed for each region to focus their attention on, based on the simulated results of the historical tsunami events. The end-goal of this study is to inform decision-making processes and regional planning of tsunami disaster management.

  37. Characteristics of Tsunami Fragility Functions Developed Using Different Sources of Damage Data from the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami 査読有り

    Erick Mas, Ryan Paulik, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Bruno Adriano, Luis Moya, Anawat Suppasri, Abdul Muhari, Rokhis Khomarudin, Naoto Yokoya, Masashi Matsuoka, Shunichi Koshimura

    Pure and Applied Geophysics 177 (6) 2437-2455 2020年6月1日

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER BASEL AG

    DOI: 10.1007/s00024-020-02501-4  

    ISSN:0033-4553

    eISSN:1420-9136

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    We developed tsunami fragility functions using three sources of damage data from the 2018 Sulawesi tsunami at Palu Bay in Indonesia obtained from (i) field survey data (FS), (ii) a visual interpretation of optical satellite images (VI), and (iii) a machine learning and remote sensing approach utilized on multisensor and multitemporal satellite images (MLRS). Tsunami fragility functions are cumulative distribution functions that express the probability of a structure reaching or exceeding a particular damage state in response to a specific tsunami intensity measure, in this case obtained from the interpolation of multiple surveyed points of tsunami flow depth. We observed that the FS approach led to a more consistent function than that of the VI and MLRS methods. In particular, an initial damage probability observed at zero inundation depth in the latter two methods revealed the effects of misclassifications on tsunami fragility functions derived from VI data; however, it also highlighted the remarkable advantages of MLRS methods. The reasons and insights used to overcome such limitations are discussed together with the pros and cons of each method. The results show that the tsunami damage observed in the 2018 Sulawesi event in Indonesia, expressed in the fragility function developed herein, is similar in shape to the function developed after the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-oki tsunami, albeit with a slightly lower damage probability between zero-to-five-meter inundation depths. On the other hand, in comparison with the fragility function developed after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Banda Aceh, the characteristics of Palu structures exhibit higher fragility in response to tsunamis. The two-meter inundation depth exhibited nearly 20% probability of damage in the case of Banda Aceh, while the probability of damage was close to 70% at the same depth in Palu.

  38. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction at Five: Lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

    Elizabeth Maly, Anawat Suppasri

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 11 (2) 167-178 2020年4月

    DOI: 10.1007/s13753-020-00268-9  

    ISSN:2095-0055

    eISSN:2192-6395

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    The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR) represents an inclusive approach to disaster risk reduction, linked to development and recovery. Building on previous international guidelines, the SFDRR promotes practical and measurable outcomes for reducing disaster losses, including indicators to measure progress towards seven specific global targets. Evaluated in the context of the priorities and global targets of the SFDRR, the article considers the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 to illustrate advances and limitations in pre-disaster tsunami hazard engineering and post-disaster recovery. With respect to the targets set out in the Sendai Framework related to risk reduction and tsunami engineering, especially Priority 1, understanding disaster risk, there have been significant advances in hazard assessment and systems for tsunami detection and warning. Although the SFDRR emphasizes actions in the recovery phase through Priority 4, enhancing disaster preparedness with an emphasis on the concept of build back better, on its own this does not function as a clear directive for guiding recovery. However, the overall people-centered and inclusive approach of the SFDRR, as well as the global targets and several sub-priorities, can be a useful way to shape good practices in recovery and evaluate recovery progress.

  39. The 22 December 2018 Mount Anak Krakatau volcanogenic tsunami on Sunda Strait coasts, Indonesia: Tsunami and damage characteristics

    Syamsidik, Benazir, Mumtaz Luthfi, Anawat Suppasri, Louise K. Comfort

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20 (2) 549-565 2020年2月24日

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-20-549-2020  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    <p>On 22 December 2018, a tsunami was generated from the Mount Anak Krakatau area that was caused by volcanic flank failures. The tsunami had severe impacts on the western coast of Banten and the southern coasts of Lampung in Indonesia. A series of surveys to measure the impacts of the tsunami was started 3&thinsp;d after the tsunami and lasted for 10&thinsp;d. Immediate investigations allowed the collection of relatively authentic images of the tsunami impacts before the clearing process started. This article investigates the impacts of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami on the affected areas and presents an analysis of the impacts of pure hydrodynamic tsunami forces on buildings. Impacts of the tsunami were expected to exhibit different characteristics than those found following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh. Data were collected from 117 flow depths along the Banten and Lampung coasts. Furthermore, 98 buildings or houses were assessed for damage. Results of this study revealed that the flow depths were higher in Banten than in Lampung. Directions of the tsunami arrays created by the complex bathymetry around the strait caused these differences. Tsunami-induced damage to buildings was mostly the result of impact forces and drag forces. Damping forces could not be associated with the damage. The tsunami warning system in Indonesia should be extended to anticipate non-seismic tsunamis, such as landslides and volcanic processes driven by tsunamis. The lack of a tsunami warning during the first few minutes after the generation of the first wave led to a significant number of human casualties in both of the affected areas.</p>.

  40. ANALYSIS OF BUILDING DAMAGE CAUSED BY TSUNAMI AND DEVELOPMENT OF TSUNAMI FRAGILITY CURVES CONSIDERING THE BUILDING AGE

    Ryu MIYAMOTO, Anawat SUPPASRI, Fumihiko IMAMURA

    Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 76 (2) I_709-I_714 2020年

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.76.2_i_709  

    ISSN:1884-2399

    eISSN:1883-8944

  41. Tsunami damage characteristics and cause-of-death tendency: A case study on the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami in Miyagi Prefecture’s municipalities

    Hirokazu KAMATA, Shuji SETO, Tomoki SERIKAWA, Anawat SUPPASRI, Fumihiko IMAMURA

    Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 76 (2) I_379-I_384 2020年

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.76.2_i_379  

    ISSN:1884-2399

    eISSN:1883-8944

  42. Advances of international collaboration on M9 disaster science: scientific session report

    Elizabeth Maly, Kenjiro Terada, Randall J. Leveque, Naoko Kuriyama, Daniel B. Abramson, Lan T. Nguyen, Ann Bostrom, Jorge León, Michael Motley, Patricio A. Catalan, Shunichi Koshimura, Shuji Moriguchi, Yuya Yamaguchi, Carrie Garrison-Laney, Anawat Suppasri, Erick Mas

    Journal of Disaster Research 15 (7) 890-899 2020年

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2020.p0890  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    The goal of the Scientific Session: “Advances of International Collaboration on M9 Disaster Science” at the 2nd World Bosai Forum (WBF) in Sendai in November 2019 was to share progress on research projects and findings related to an M9 mega-disaster event, building on outcomes from a March 2019 collabo-rative workshop on M9 disaster science between research partners from the International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS)/Tohoku Univer-sity, University of Washington-Seattle (UW), and the Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN). This paper reports on the pre-sentations during the WBF Scientific Session, which shared updates and outputs of research collaborations from different disciplines, following the themes of risk-based planning, structural engineering, tsunami observation and early warning, and tsunami simulation and probabilistic tsunami risk assessment. This international and cross-disciplinary collaboration has led to the advancement of a number of specific research projects in different fields, as well as a robust network of researchers in the three countries. Based in coastal regions facing similar risks of massive earthquakes and tsunami in Japan, the United States, and Chile, it is hoped that ongoing and future collaboration within this network will continue to advance knowledge of disaster science and international disaster risk reduction.

  43. Statistical analysis of building damage from the 2013 super typhoon haiyan and its storm surge in The Philippines

    Tanaporn Chaivutitorn, Thawalrat Tanasakcharoen, Natt Leelawat, Jing Tang, Carl Vincent C. Caro, Alfredo Mahar Francisco A. Lagmay, Anawat Suppasri, Jeremy D. Bricker, Volker Roeber, Carine J. Yi, Fumihiko Imamura

    Journal of Disaster Research 15 (7) 822-832 2020年

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2020.p0822  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    In November 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) hit the Philippines. It caused heavy loss of lives and extensive damages to buildings and infrastructure. When collapsed buildings are focused on, it is inter-esting to find that these buildings did not collapse for the same reasons after the landfall of the typhoon and storm surge. The objective of this study is to develop a statistical model for building damage due to Super Typhoon Haiyan and its storm surge. The data were collected in collaboration with Tanauan Municipality, the Philippines. The data for the inundation map were ob-tained by field surveys conducted on-site to determine the cause of the damages inferred from satellite data. The maximum wind speed was derived from the Hol-land parametric hurricane model based on the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) typhoon track data and the inundation depth of storm surge was calculated using the MIKE model. Multinomial logistic regression was used to develop a model to identify the significant factors influencing the damage to buildings. The result of this work is expected to be used to prepare urban plans for preventing damage from future storms.

  44. Analysis of multi-layer safety in countries affected by recent tsunamis: Emergence of a global tsunami culture

    M. Esteban, V. Tsimopoulou, T. Mikami, N. Y. Yun, A. Suppasri, T. Shibayama

    Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts, APAC 2013 444-449 2020年

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    Since 2004, there is a growing awareness of the risks that tsunamis pose to coastal communities globally. Despite the fact that these events were already an intrinsic part of the culture of some countries such as Chile and Japan, many other places had virtually not heard about such phenomenon before 2004. Nevertheless, the frequent reoccurrence of major tsunamis in recent years has led to the emergence of a “tsunami culture” in many areas of the world, which has resulted in increased awareness, disaster preparedness and willingness of local populations to evacuate when the threat of these events arises. However, evacuation during a tsunami is still not successfully carried out by the different elements of society, pointing to lack of awareness, an over-reliance in defence mechanisms or lacking in the transmitting of knowledge from previous events. This paper will explore these cultural issues using as a basis questionnaires carried out by the authors during their own field visits to the last three major events (Chile in 2009, Indonesia in 2010 and Japan in 2011), and interpret these through the willingness of coastal communities to build protection measures along the shore and the impact that these can have on sustainable development. The existence of a “traditional tsunami culture” will be explored through an analysis of the existence of multi-layer safety system constructed by previous generations, and whether this is being preserved nowadays or past lessons are being forgotten.

  45. Spatial distribution of causes of death in the 2011 tohoku tsunami at Ishinomaki City, Miyagi Prefecture

    Tomoki Serikawa, Shuji Seto, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Journal of Disaster Research 15 (7) 943-958 2020年

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2020.p0943  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    To predict and suppress human casualty in a future tsunami disaster, it is crucial to analyze victim information from past disasters and clarify the causes of human casualty. Examining the causes of human casualty requires analyses that combine various hazard information and victim information in subregional units. This study aims to grasp the factors that caused human casualty during the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 using Miyagi Prefectural Police Head-quarters’ victim information. Therefore, at Ishinomaki City, Miyagi Prefecture, we researched the spatial distribution of causes of death based on the victims’ addresses and the corpse location, as well as the occurrence factor of each cause of death. As a result, we obtain the following results. (1) The spatial distribution of victims based on the corpse location is more clearly related to the hazard than the victim’s address. In other words, it is proved that the detection site of the body is significant when examining the relationship between human casualty and hazards. (2) The hypothesis of each cause of death is verified based on the spatial distribution of each cause of death, hazard information, the victim’s age, and the date of detecting the body. As a result, it is suggested that drowning, death due to fire, and hypothermia are causes of death related to external forces. It is also suggested that hypothermia and heart disease are causes of death related to individual fragility. (3) Such a possibility showed that the cause of death could not be identified for death from unknown origin due to the bodies’ de-cay resulting from taking time to detect the dead bodies. (4) We propose a diagram of relationship between the causes of death and the occurrence of factors of death at Ishinomaki City. In the future, to generalize the relationship, it is considered that the same analysis will be required in the coastal municipalities of Miyagi Prefecture.

  46. Special issue on the second world bosai forum

    Prof Yuichi Ono, Anawat Suppasri, Elizabeth Maly, Daisuke Sasaki

    Journal of Disaster Research 15 (7) 821 2020年

    DOI: 10.20965/JDR.2020.P0821  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

  47. Mini special issue on the development of disaster statistics part 3

    Yuichi Ono, Daisuke Sasaki, Anawat Suppasri

    Journal of Disaster Research 15 (7) 969 2020年

    DOI: 10.20965/JDR.2020.P0969  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

  48. Challenge to build the science of human survival from disaster starting from analysis for the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami 査読有り

    Shuji Seto, Fumihiko Imamura, Anawat Suppasri

    Journal of Disaster Research 14 (9) 1323-1328 2019年12月

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2019.p1323  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami caused the loss of 20,000 lives in Japan. According to the National Police Agency (2012), 90% of deaths in the Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures were due to drowning. On the other hand, this report also showed that the remaining 10% died from circumstances other than drowning, as suggested by the Japanese Society of Legal Medicine (2012). A new solution is needed to propose practical measures against a tsunami. In this paper, the authors suggest the science of human survival from disaster as one of the solutions and illustrate the research design implemented to build it. Constructing the science of human survival shall be important to mitigate human damages in future tsunami disasters.

  49. Load-resistance analysis: An alternative approach to tsunami damage assessment applied to the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Ingrid Charvet, Constance Ting Chua, Noriyuki Takahashi, Teraphan Ornthammarath, Panon Latcharote, Natt Leelawat, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19 (8) 1807-1822 2019年8月20日

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-19-1807-2019  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    Tsunami fragility functions describe the probability of structural damage due to tsunami flow characteristics. Fragility functions developed from past tsunami events (e.g., the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami) are often applied directly, without modification, to other areas at risk of tsunami for the purpose of damage and loss estimations. Consequentially, estimates carry uncertainty due to disparities in construction standards and coastal morphology between the specific region for which the fragility functions were originally derived and the region where they are being used. The main objective of this study is to provide an alternative approach to assessing tsunami damage, especially for buildings in regions where previously developed fragility functions do not exist. A damage assessment model is proposed in this study, where load-resistance analysis is performed for each building by evaluating hydrodynamic forces, buoyancies and debris impacts and comparing them to the resistance forces of each building. Numerical simulation was performed in this study to reproduce the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami in Ishinomaki, which is chosen as a study site. Flow depths and velocities were calculated for approximately 20&thinsp;000 wooden buildings in Ishinomaki. Similarly, resistance forces (lateral and vertical) are estimated for each of these buildings. The buildings are then evaluated for their potential of collapsing. Results from this study reflect a higher accuracy in predicting building collapse when using the proposed load-resistance analysis, as compared to previously developed fragility functions in the same study area. Damage is also observed to have likely occurred before flow depth and velocity reach maximum values. With the above considerations, the proposed damage model might well be an alternative for building damage assessments in areas that have yet to be affected by modern tsunami events.

  50. Simulation of the Submarine Landslide Tsunami on 28 September 2018 in Palu Bay, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, Using a Two-Layer Model

    Kwanchai Pakoksung, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura, Cipta Athanasius, Amalfi Omang, Abdul Muhari

    Pure and Applied Geophysics 176 (8) 3323-3350 2019年8月1日

    DOI: 10.1007/s00024-019-02235-y  

    ISSN:0033-4553

    eISSN:1420-9136

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    The strike-slip earthquake on 28 September 2018 (Mw 7.5) along the Palu-Koro fault on Sulawesi Island has raised concerns about the potential impact of tsunamis generated by submarine landslides in Palu Bay, Indonesia. The horizontal displacement of the Palu-Koro fault generated landslide tsunamis that covered Palu Bay, creating wave-related hazards along the coastal area. Based on the unusual amount of information on this tsunami, this study investigated possible sources using the available preliminary data. The generation of comparatively small tsunamis by coseismic seafloor deformation is omitted, and only tsunamis generated by submarine/subaerial landslides are analyzed in this study. Two-layer modeling (soil and water) based on the shallow-water equation was used to simulate the tsunami propagation in the bay with severe, moderate, and minor impacts. The accuracy of the model was validated based on the waveform at the Pantoloan tidal gauge and trace data. The tsunami heights from a combination of small to large submarine landslides could reach up to 3.0–7.0 m along the Palu shores. This model focused on studying the effects of the tidal level on coastal inundation in Palu Bay, using the 2018 Palu tsunami event as a benchmark scenario, to demonstrate the capabilities of the model. One result shows that, regardless of the tidal level, the 2018 Palu tsunami, which occurred during high tide, will always result in flooding, with a maximum tsunami height of up to 7.0 m above mean sea level. The main results suggest two causes for this tsunami event: the tsunami source and the topography. First, the model requires one large source at the bay entrance to reproduce the arrival time (approximately 5 min) and the large wave observed at the Pantoloan gauge. To reproduce the later waves, small sources in the bay (S1–S6) and minor large sources (L2 and L3) are needed. Second, the datum correction for the terrain is changed to improve the accuracy of the water level. Additionally, the removal of buildings from the topography is important to achieve highly accurate flow depths and to obtain an inundation area close to the real situation. The impacts along the coastline of Palu Bay from peak waves can be used to identify tsunami hazards in the area in the future.

  51. Estimating tsunami economic losses of okinawa island with multi-regional-input-output modeling 査読有り

    Kwanchai Pakoksung, Anawat Suppasri, Kazuyo Matsubae, Fumihiko Imamura

    Geosciences (Switzerland) 9 (8) 2019年8月

    DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9080349  

    eISSN:2076-3263

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    Understanding the impacts of tsunamis, especially in terms of damage and losses, is important for disaster mitigation and management. The aim of this study is to present our estimations of the potential losses from tsunami damage on Okinawa Island. We combine the use of a tsunami hazard map and our proposed economic loss model to estimate the potential losses that would be sustained by Okinawa Island in the event of a tsunami. First, to produce the tsunami hazard map, we calculated tsunami flow characteristics using the mathematical model TUNAMI-N2 and incorporating 6 earthquake fault scenarios around the study area. The earthquake scenarios are based on historical records along the Ryukyu Trench and the Okinawa. The resulting inundation map is overlaid with economic land use type and topography maps to identify vulnerable regions, which are then employed to compute potential economic losses. Second, we used our proposed economic model for this study area to calculate the potential losses that would be sustained in these vulnerable regions. Our economic model extends the multi-regional-input-output (MRIO) model, where the economic values of industrial sectors are scaled to correlate with land use and topography types (coastal and inland areas) to calculate losses through the Chenery–Moses estimation method. Direct losses can be estimated from the total input of the MRIO table, while indirect losses are computed from the direct losses and interaction parameter of the MRIO table. The interaction parameter is formed by linear programming and calculated using the Leontief methodology. Our results show that the maximum total damaged area under the 6 earthquake scenarios is approximately 30 km . Inundation ranging from 2.0 to 5.0 m in depth covers the largest area of approximately 10 km and is followed by areas with inundation depths of 1.0–2.0 m and >5.0 m. Our findings show that direct losses will occur, while indirect losses are only approximately 56% that of direct losses. This approach could be applied to other areas and tsunami scenarios, which will aid disaster management and adaptation policies. 2 2

  52. Archiving Disaster Remains: The Case of "sasanao Factory" in Yuriage Village, Natori City, Miyagi Prefecture

    S. Sato, A. Suppasri, S. P. Boret, M. Nakagawa, F. Imamura

    IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 273 (1) 2019年7月16日

    DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/273/1/012044  

    ISSN:1755-1307

    eISSN:1755-1315

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    In the areas affected by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami, some damaged buildings were proposed to be preserved as "Disaster Remain" to share this experience and educating future generations. However, many these potential buildings were eventually demolished. This study aims to provide an alternative and eventually a consensus among communities that faced conflicts over the preservation or destruction of such disaster buildings. The methodology consists of 3D building modelling, tsunami numerical simulation and recording tsunami evacuation behaviour with interview survey. In sum, this practical study of "Sasanao Factory" demonstrates that the archiving of disaster remain can offer a compromise between those who wish to preserve disaster ruins, here the owner of the building, and those who want or need their destruction, here local government.

  53. An effect of tsunami to hotel occupancy: A case of Phuket, Thailand

    J. Tang, N. Leelawat, A. Suppasri, F. Imamura

    IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 273 (1) 2019年7月16日

    DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/273/1/012033  

    ISSN:1755-1307

    eISSN:1755-1315

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    As a popular city for global tourists, more than one third of the Phuket GPP depends on the hotel and restaurant sector. The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami caused a serious physical damage to hotels and a high cancellation of bookings in the post disaster period, which, in turn, led to most THB 3 billion drop of the hotel and restaurant sector income in 2005 in Phuket. In addition, many tourism facilities in Phuket suffered bankruptcy or a slump, because they started their business again immediately after the reconstruction phase, while tourists did not really come back. This paper is an initiative study of our research project to evaluate the effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on Hotel Occupancy, with a focus on the speed for the physical reconstruction and tourism market recovery. We collected the physical reconstruction period and the hotel occupancy recovery data of six hotels that located in the Patong Beach of Phuket from 2003 to 2017. Through calculation, the average of damage rate (i.e., unavailability of the rooms in this study) is 55.89%, with an average speed for the physical reconstruction to rebuild the rooms about 6.07% of the overall rooms per month. The quotient of these two values indicates that the reconstruction period is around 9.2 months. However, the average period for reconstruction and tourism recovery is about 20 months. There is an about 11 months' delay between that hotel and resorts have finished the reconstruction and the tourists start to visit Phuket as usual. Therefore, the local government, local tourist authority, and hotel entrepreneurs can consider these findings in order to prepare the recovery plan for tourism industry in the future tsunami.

  54. Assessing the tsunami mitigation effectiveness of the planned Banda Aceh Outer Ring Road (BORR), Indonesia

    Syamsidik, Tursina, Anawat Suppasri, Musa Al'Ala, Mumtaz Luthfi, Louise K. Comfort

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19 (1) 299-312 2019年1月31日

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-19-299-2019  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    This research aimed to assess the tsunami flow velocity and height reduction produced by a planned elevated road parallel to the coast of Banda Aceh, called the Banda Aceh Outer Ring Road (BORR). The road will transect several lagoons, settlements, and bare land around the coast of Banda Aceh. Beside its main function to reduce traffic congestion in the city, the BORR is also proposed to reduce the impacts of future tsunamis. The Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami Model (COMCOT) was used to simulate eight scenarios of the tsunami. One of them was based on the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Two magnitudes of earthquake were used, that is, 8.5 and 9.15M . Both the earthquakes were generated from the same source location as in the 2004 case, around the Andaman Sea. Land use data of the innermost layer of the simulation area were adopted based on the 2004 condition and the land use planning of the city for 2029. The results of this study reveal that the tsunami inundation area can be reduced by about 9% by using the elevated road for the earthquake of magnitude 9.15M and about 22% for the earthquake of magnitude 8.5M . Combined with the land use planning 2029, the elevated road could reduce the maximum flow velocities behind the road by about 72 %. Notably, the proposed land use for 2029 will not be sufficient to deliver any effects on the tsunami mitigation without the elevated road structures. We recommend the city to construct the elevated road as this could be part of the co-benefit structures for tsunami mitigation. The proposed BORR appears to deliver a significant reduction of impacts of the smaller intensity tsunamis compared to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. w w w

  55. Interdisciplinary geosciences perspectives of tsunami volume 2

    Anawat Suppasri

    Geosciences (Switzerland) 9 (12) 2019年

    DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9120503  

    eISSN:2076-3263

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    Disaster related research has its own interdisciplinary perspectives connected to the disaster cycle (response, recovery, prevention, and preparedness). This special issue focuses on interdisciplinary geosciences perspectives of tsunami that cover the whole process of tsunami disasters (generation, propagation, impact assessment, psychological perspectives, and planning). This special issue collects tsunami research papers not only as lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami, but also from other areas in Japan (coastal defense structures, tsunami fires, economic loss assessment, and emergency planning) as well as other countries (morphological changes in Indonesia and building risk assessment in New Zealand. The order of the paper follows the tsunami disaster process and the connections between each paper show the interdisciplinary perspectives of tsunami research, which can also be used as a framework for other types of disaster research.

  56. 東日本大震災での想定浸水域外におけるハザードマップおよびリスク認知と避難実態 査読有り

    芹川 智紀, Anawat SUPPASRI, 門廻 充侍, 今村 文彦

    土木学会論文集B2(海岸工学) 75 (2) I_1363-I_1368 2019年

    出版者・発行元:公益社団法人 土木学会

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.75.I_1363  

    ISSN:1884-2399

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    <p> 今後の巨大津波災害において人的被害を軽減するためには,過去の巨大津波災害におけるハザードマップの活用評価が不可欠である.特に,想定を上回る災害に対する有効性と限界性の検討が必要である.本研究では,東日本大震災時の宮城県のハザードマップの整備および利用状況を整理し,想定浸水域外におけるハザードマップの認知と避難行動を検討した.津波への時間的意識変化を用いて避難状況を整理した結果,ハザードマップの認知は避難行動と有意な関連はなく,津波リスク認知と関連することが定量的に示された.また,気仙沼では「災害イメージの固定化」が発生し,石巻では津波への意識と避難行動が結びつかないという課題が明らかになった.本分析より,外力条件の不確かさを考慮したマルチシナリオ型ハザードマップが有効であると考えられた.</p>

  57. Global tsunami risk assessment: Collaboration between industry and academia in the willis research network (WRN)

    Kwanchai Pakoksung, Anawat Suppasri, Panon Latcharote, Abdul Muhari, Fumihiko Imamura

    Journal of Disaster Research 13 (7) 1272-1287 2018年12月

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2018.p1272  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    We present outcomes of our collaborative research between tsunami engineering laboratory, Tohoku University and the Willis Research Network (WRN) on global tsunami risk assessment since 2010. First we assessed tsunami hazards in Indian Ocean and west Pacific from major earthquakes based on historical records. After the 2011 Japan tsunami, various kind of fragility functions were developed for human casu-alty, buildings, marine vessels, etc based on the actual data. Especially, detailed tsunami hazard assessments were performed in many areas using fine bathymetry and topography data all over Japan including hazards from the worst case tsunamigenic earthquakes provided by central government and local governments in Hokkaido, Japan Sea and Nankai Trough. These results from the detailed hazard and vulnerability assessment were used for detailed tsunami risk in Japan. The Willis’s Japan tsunami model was then first released in December 2014. The model have been updat-ing based on the updated or revised tsunami sources model and fragility functions. Detailed tsunami hazards from potential tsunami events in the Bay of Ben-gal, South China Sea and some parts of Indonesia were also performed in 2014. In October 2016, our contribution on the historical and future tsunami hazard assessment in global scale based on historical records over the last 400 years was conducted as an activity to increase tsunami awareness as part of World Tsunami Awareness Day. The current activities are to extend the target areas in Japan to Okinawa and assessing disaster risk reduction based on the present and planned tsunami countermeasures. We present the outcomes of the collaborative research done since 2010 by the Tsunami Engineering Laboratory of To-hoku University and the Willis Research Network (WRN) on global tsunami risk assessment. First, we assessed, based on historical records, the tsunami hazards in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific from major earthquakes. Since the 2011 Japan tsunami, various kinds of fragility functions have been developed for human casualties, buildings, marine vessels, etc., based on the actual data. Detailed tsunami hazard assessments have been performed in many areas of Japan using fine bathymetry and topography data from all over Japan, including data on hazards from the worst-case tsunamigenic earthquakes. These data have been provided by the Cabinet Office, Japan. The results from the detailed hazard and vulnerability assessments were used for detailed tsunami risk assessments in Japan. The Willis Japan tsunami model was then released in December 2014. The model has been updated based on the updated or revised tsunami source model and fragility functions. Detailed tsunami hazards from potential tsunami events in the Bay of Bengal, South China Sea, and some parts of Indonesia were also performed in 2014. In October 2016, our contribution to the historical and future tsunami hazard assessment on a global scale based on historical records over the last 400 years was conducted as an activity to increase tsunami awareness as part of World Tsunami Awareness Day. The current activities are to extend the target areas in Japan to Okinawa and to assess the disaster risk reduction based on the present and planned tsunami countermeasures.

  58. Vulnerability characteristics of tsunamis in indonesia: Analysis of the global centre for disaster statistics database

    Anawat Suppasri, Abdul Muhari, Syamsidik, Ridwan Yunus, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, Ryan Paulik

    Journal of Disaster Research 13 (6) 1039-1048 2018年11月

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2018.p1039  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    Regional disaster data are important for understanding the characteristics of disasters and for identifying potential mitigation measures. However, many countries have no official disaster database that includes information such as numbers of deaths or damaged buildings for each disaster event. The Global Centre for Disaster Statistics (GCDS) was established to assist countries and organizations in the collection of disaster data. At present, a significant amount of tsunami disaster data are available from Indonesia, which will be used to demonstrate its application for analyzing vulnerability characteristics of historical tsunamis. There are 53 data points covering 13 tsunami events between the year 1861 and 2014. Based on data availability, five tsunami events, namely the 1977 Sumba, the 2004 Indian Ocean, the 2006 Java, the 2010 Mentawai, and the 2011 Great East Japan, were selected. Numbers of deaths and damaged buildings were used in combination with hazard data to estimate vulnerability, defined as the ratio between maximum flow depth against death and building damage ratios. Numbers of evacuees were initially used to estimate actual numbers of exposed population but it was later discovered that this parameter overestimated the exposed population in certain cases. As a result, this study presents the vulnerability characteristics of people and buildings in Indonesia, exposed to unusual or extreme tsunamis, mostly in a condition without or with limited access to official warnings. In brief, a maximum flow depth of 5 m caused an approximate 100% death ratio in the majority of Indonesian tsunamis in this study. On the other hand, death ratio in the 2011 Japan tsunami was limited to 10% because of the early warning and high disaster awareness. Effective disaster risk reduction activities such as official warnings, evacuations, and tsunami education were observed for certain locations. Lastly, adding hazard and population data at the village level is recommended for improving the collection of future tsunami disaster data for the GCDS database.

  59. Perceptions of Volcanic Hazard-related information relevant to Volcano tourism areas in Japan

    Miwa Kuri, Anawat Suppasri

    Journal of Disaster Research 13 (6) 1082-1095 2018年11月

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2018.p1082  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    Perceptions of volcanic hazard-related information relevant to volcano tourism areas in Japan were investigated using an Internet questionnaire survey. This study focused on the possibilities of tourism activities as a method of disseminating disaster information not only to residents but also to visitors. We evaluated the effects of educational programs (EP) including recreational activities at geopark, for the purpose of further enhancing information content and establishment of cooperation system. The survey focused on the roles and perspectives of residents, the tourism industry, scientists, and the government in volcanic disaster mitigation, as well as the dissemination of volcanic information with regard to daily activities and the actions to be taken in the event of an emergency. Hazard perceptions tended to be actuate in areas where knowledge dissemination activities were active, but this did not lead to evacuation awareness. Evacuation awareness was correlated with disaster awareness, specifically regarding the degree of interest in a volcano, eruption frequency and style, perceptions of eruption predictability, and trust in information source. Disaster awareness correlated somewhat with eruption style and with the time elapsed science the most recent eruption. Our results showed that the perceptions of residents living near volcanoes depended on eruption frequency, their experience during previous eruptions, and local government assessments of the severity of the volcanic hazard. Despite advances in tools of social media, that is not yet to take advantage under disaster circumstances. A disaster prevention system that incorporates disaster prevention education and open lines of communication among scientists, government, media, residents, and the tourism industry is necessary to improve the disaster resilience of communities in volcanic areas.

  60. New Building Damage Assessment Method based on Numerical Tsunami Simulation and Analytical Force Estimation: Case Study of the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami 査読有り

    Anawat SUPPASRI, Kwanchai PAKOKSUNG, Ingrid CHARVET, Noriyuki TAKAHASHI, Teraphan ORNTHAMMARATH, Fumihiko IMAMURA

    Journal of JSCE B2(Coastal Eng.) 74 (2) I_451-I_456 2018年11月

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.74.I_451  

  61. Suitability of the early warning systems and temporary housing for the elderly population in the immediacy and transitional recovery phase of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 査読有り

    Angus Naylor, Joanna Faure Walker, Anawat Suppasri

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 31 302-310 2018年10月

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.05.022  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    This paper assesses the suitability of the early warning systems and post-disaster housing for the elderly population of Japan in the immediate and transitional recovery phase of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Written questionnaires and informal group interviews were conducted with residents of six temporary housing complexes in Miyagi and Iwate three and half years after the disaster. The median age of participants was 70, with an age range of 48 years. We assess rates of warning receipt in the immediacy of the event, evacuation actions thereafter, and the experience of living in temporary accommodation. 81% of those surveyed received at least one type of earthquake or tsunami warning, the most common being an audio mobile phone (AMP) message (which is received through a smart phone), heard by 45% of the sample. Radio, siren, and AMP notifications were most effective at informing the elderly overall. 84% of recipients took action in response to a tsunami warning, with 79% of respondents evacuating their homes prior to the arrival of the first wave. During the transitional phase of recovery, residents within temporary housing highlighted issues including a lack of floor space, poor thermal insulation, solitary living environments, and reduced privacy, which lead to stressed domestic relationships within families and social groups. Recommendations are made to consider the elderly to a greater degree in planning for the early warning and immediate phases of disaster, and throughout the long-term recovery process, in order to improve their psychological and physiological well-being.

  62. Tsunami hazard evaluation for Kuwait and Arabian Gulf due to Makran Subduction Zone and Subaerial landslides 査読有り

    Panon Latcharote, Khaled Al-Salem, Anawat Suppasri, Tanuspong Pokavanich, Shinji Toda, Yogeesha Jayaramu, Abdullah Al-Enezi, Alanoud Al-Ragum, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards 93 127-152 2018年9月1日

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-017-3097-7  

    ISSN:0921-030X

    eISSN:1573-0840

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    Given the recent historical disastrous tsunamis and the knowledge that the Arabian Gulf (AG) is tectonically active, this study aimed to evaluate tsunami hazards in Kuwait from both submarine earthquakes and subaerial landslides. Despite the low or unknown tsunami risks that impose potential threats to the coastal area’s infrastructures and population of Kuwait, such an investigation is important to sustain the economy and safety of life. This study focused on tsunamis generated by submarine earthquakes with earthquake magnitudes (M ) of 8.3–9.0 along the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) and subaerial landslides with volumes of 0.75–2.0 km from six sources along the Iranian coast inside the AG and one source at the Gulf entrance in Oman. The level of tsunami hazards associated with these tsunamigenic sources was evaluated using numerical modeling. Tsunami model was applied to conduct a numerical tsunami simulation and predict tsunami propagation. For landslide sources, a two-layer model was proposed to solve nonlinear longwave equations within two interfacing layers with appropriate kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions. Threat level maps along the coasts of the AG and Kuwait were developed to illustrate the impacts of potential tsunamis triggered by submarine earthquakes of different scales and subaerial landslides at different sources. GEBCO 30 arc-second grid data and others were used as bathymetry and topography data for numerical modeling. Earthquakes of M 8.3 and M 8.6 along the MSZ had low and considerable impacts, respectively, at the Gulf entrance, but negligible impacts on Kuwait. An earthquake of M 9.0 had a remarkable impact for the entire Gulf region and generated a maximum tsunami amplitude of up to 0.5 m along the Kuwaiti coastline 12 h after the earthquake. In the case of landslides inside the AG, the majority impact occurred locally near the sources. The landslide source opposite to Kuwait Bay generated the maximum tsunami amplitudes reaching 0.3 m inside Kuwait Bay and 1.8 m along the southern coasts of Kuwait. w w w w 3

  63. Tsunami recovery processes after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Lessons learned and challenges

    Syamsidik, Anawat Suppasri

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 29 1-2 2018年8月

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.10.019  

    ISSN:2212-4209

  64. Tsunami evacuation experiment using a mobile application: A design science approach 招待有り 査読有り

    Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri, Panon Latcharote, Yoshi Abe, Kazuya Sugiyasu, Fumihiko Imamura

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 29 63-72 2018年8月

    出版者・発行元:Elsevier Ltd

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.06.014  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    Disaster evacuation drills are one of the important soft countermeasures to ensure proper response when a real tsunami arrives. With the goal of enhancing the traditional evacuation drill, this study developed a mobile application prototype to be used as an educational tool in a drill exercise. The mobile application retrieves the current location of the user and shows the inundation depth of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami, together with the map, latitude, and longitude. Experiments were conducted in the town of Matsushima and the city of Iwanuma in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, to investigate the effect of using the information provided. These locations were affected by the 2011 tsunami. The results revealed a change in the behavior and decision making of the participants, who considered the inundation depth of their evacuation route and the safety of their chosen destination. This application does not require complex techniques; thus, teachers, drill executors, and community leaders can follow this strategy to enhance their tsunami evacuation drills using mobile devices.

  65. Estimation of fatality ratios and investigation of influential factors in the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami 招待有り 査読有り

    Panon Latcharote, Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri, Patcharavadee Thamarux, Fumihiko Imamura

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 29 37-54 2018年8月

    出版者・発行元:Elsevier Ltd

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.06.024  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake caused a wide-ranging and devastating tsunami that reached a maximum height of 40 m and caused 19,000 fatalities, particularly along the Tohoku coast of Japan. The purpose of this study is to present a new estimation of the fatality ratios based on tsunami arrival times and evacuation perspectives and to present lessons learned for future tsunami loss assessments in other areas. In addition, this study investigates influencing factors, such as age, gender, and two coastal topography types (Sanriku ria-coast and Sendai plain). The fatality ratio is calculated by the number of fatalities divided by the population at the town scale along the shoreline, and the tsunami arrival time is calculated using the TUNAMI model with nesting grids of 1350 m, 450 m, 150 m, and 50 m. Then, linear and nonlinear regression analyses are performed to develop a relationship between the fatality ratios and tsunami arrival times. For different topography types, different distributions of fatality ratios with tsunami arrival times were observed; the fatality ratios of the Sendai plain were generally higher than those of the Sanriku ria-coast for the same arrival time. Based on the results, a strong inverse correlation between the fatality ratios and the tsunami arrival times was found in the Sendai plain, while the Sanriku ria-coast must be divided into two groups to obtain this correlation. Furthermore, other influencing factors, such as age and gender, contributed to differences in estimating the fatality ratios.

  66. New research project on the fatality process in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake for survival study from tsunami disaster

    S. SETO, F. IMAMURA, A. SUPPASRI

    Global Conference on the International Network of Disaster Studies in Iwate 2018年7月

  67. Response of the tourism industry to volcanic hazard information: A case study of the volcanic warning at zao volcano in 2015 査読有り

    Miwa Kuri, Amy Donovan, Anawat Suppasri, Tetsuya Torayashiki

    Journal of Disaster Research 13 (3) 547-558 2018年6月

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2018.p0547  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    In recent years, the role of tourism-related workers in regional volcanic disaster prevention has increased in Japan. The coexistence of tourism with disaster mitigation is important in keeping residents and visitors safe and in protecting livelihoods. This paper analyzes responses from tourists and tourism workers on their receipt of volcanic hazard information. Awareness of this hazard is developing in the tourism industry. Information of expert such as members of the JMA and volcanologists at universities and institutes were considered more reliable sources of information than others. However, a direct access to experts’ information was not considered easy. Respondents’ recognition of the past hazards of Zao Volcano and future hazard factors were almost accurate. Some tourism-related workers hoped to obtain volcanic hazard information from the experts to provide to their customers. Many respondents had excessive expectations for predicting an eruption. A few were able to accept the uncertainties associated with volcano warnings and status reports. Experts need to provide adequate explanations of scientific evidence and the associated scientific uncertainties before society can readily accept eruption warnings. Furthermore, in an emergency, it is necessary to make available accurate information from specialized agencies and experts, and promptly provide them to tourism companies.

  68. Systematic evaluation of different infrastructure systems for tsunami defense in sendai city

    Kwanchai Pakoksung, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Geosciences (Switzerland) 8 (5) 2018年5月

    DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8050173  

    eISSN:2076-3263

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    The aim of this study is to assess the performances of different infrastructures as structural tsunami countermeasures in Sendai City, based on the lessons from the 11 March 2011, Great East Japan Tsunami, which is an example of a worst-case scenario. The tsunami source model Ver. 1.2 proposed by Tohoku University uses 10 subfaults, determined based on the tsunami height and the run-up heights measured for all tsunami affected areas. The TUNAMI-N2 model is used to simulate 24 cases of tsunami defense in Sendai City based on a combination of 5 scenarios of structural measures, namely, a seawall (existing and new seawall), a greenbelt, an elevated road and a highway. The results of a 2D tsunami numerical analysis show a significant difference in the tsunami inundations in the areas protected by several combinations of structures. The elevated road provides the highest performance of the single schemes, whereas the highest performance of the 2-layer schemes is the combination of an existing seawall and an elevated road. For the 3-layer scenarios, the highest performance is achieved by the grouping of an existing seawall, a new seawall, and an elevated road. The combination of an existing seawall, a new seawall, a greenbelt and an elevated road is the highest performing 4-layer scenario. The Sendai City plan, with a 5-layer scenario, reduces the tsunami inundation area by 20 sq. km with existing structural conditions. We found that the combination of an existing seawall, a greenbelt, an elevated road and a highway (a 4-layer scheme) is the optimum case to protect the city against a tsunami similar to the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami. The proposed approach can be a guideline for future tsunami protection and the evaluation of countermeasure schemes.

  69. The complex consequences of volcanic warnings: Trust, risk perception and experiences of businesses near Mount Zao following the 2015 unrest period 査読有り

    Amy Donovan, Anawat Suppasri, Miwa Kuri, Tetsuya Torayashiki

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 27 57-67 2018年3月

    出版者・発行元:Elsevier Ltd

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.023  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    This paper reports results from a study of business owners carried out in 2016 in the region around Mount Zao, an active stratovolcano in Japan. In April 2015, Mount Zao experienced a period of unrest consistent with magma rising in the volcanic system. This led to alerts and public awareness campaigns, which provoked extensive media interest. This project used a survey and 12 semi-structured interviews to examine the opinions of business people on how the crisis was managed, and how it affected them. It also examined the perceptions of risk and the stories that were told about the potential eruption. Business owners who thought that an eruption would be harmful and that forecasting eruptions is difficult were more likely to be trusting. In general, respondents were very unaware of the risk from the volcano and the hazards that it could produce. The data also show that the impacts of disasters and even warning periods can cascade, much as hazards do: respondents noted that the crisis period effectively extended the time it has taken them to recover from the impact of the Tohoku earthquake in 2011, or brought them low just as they recovered. With increased vulnerability, the warning period at Zao exacerbated their situation, and this was not helped by a lack of scientific information and some perceived “rumours”. The paper suggests that public engagement via participatory strategies would be beneficial in reducing risk in this region, because it would enable stakeholders to own their risk and understand it.

  70. Developing fragility functions for aquaculture rafts and eelgrass in the case of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Kentaro Fukui, Kei Yamashita, Natt Leelawat, Hiroyuki Ohira, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18 (1) 145-155 2018年1月10日

    出版者・発行元:Copernicus GmbH

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-18-145-2018  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    Since the two devastating tsunamis in 2004 (Indian Ocean) and 2011 (Great East Japan), new findings have emerged on the relationship between tsunami characteristics and damage in terms of fragility functions. Human loss and damage to buildings and infrastructures are the primary target of recovery and reconstruction; thus, such relationships for offshore properties and marine ecosystems remain unclear. To overcome this lack of knowledge, this study used the available data from two possible target areas (Mangokuura Lake and Matsushima Bay) from the 2011 Japan tsunami. This study has three main components: (1) reproduction of the 2011 tsunami, (2) damage investigation, and (3) fragility function development. First, the source models of the 2011 tsunami were verified and adjusted to reproduce the tsunami characteristics in the target areas. Second, the damage ratio (complete damage) of the aquaculture raft and eelgrass was investigated using satellite images taken before and after the 2011 tsunami through visual inspection and binarization. Third, the tsunami fragility functions were developed using the relationship between the simulated tsunami characteristics and the estimated damage ratio. Based on the statistical analysis results, fragility functions were developed for Mangokuura Lake, and the flow velocity was the main contributor to the damage instead of the wave amplitude. For example, the damage ratio above 0.9 was found to be equal to the maximum flow velocities of 1.3 m s-1 (aquaculture raft) and 3.0 m s-1 (eelgrass). This finding is consistent with the previously proposed damage criterion of 1 m s-1 for the aquaculture raft. This study is the first step in the development of damage assessment and planning for marine products and environmental factors to mitigate the effects of future tsunamis.

  71. Quantitative assessment of epistemic uncertainties in tsunami hazard effects on building risk assessments 査読有り

    Yo Fukutani, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Geosciences (Switzerland) 8 (1) 2018年1月10日

    DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8010017  

    eISSN:2076-3263

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    Based on the definition of tsunami risk, we quantitatively evaluated the annual expected tsunami loss ratio (Tsunami Risk Indeand clarified the quantitative effects of epistemic uncertainties in tsunami hazard assessments on the tsunami risk of buildings by combining probabilistic information regarding tsunami inundation depths at target points and tsunami fragility assessments of buildings. For the risk assessment, we targeted buildings with four different structures (reinforced concrete, steel, brick, woolocated in three different areas (Soma, Sendai, Kesennuma). In conclusion, we demonstrated that the expected tsunami risk could vary by approximately two orders of magnitude when considering tsunami hazard uncertainties between the 95th percentile and the 5th percentile. In addition, we quantitatively clarified the fact that we cannot properly understand the tsunami risk by evaluating the tsunami fragility alone. For example, the analysis results indicate that the tsunami risk of a wood building located in Kesennuma is lower than that of a reinforced concrete building located in either Soma or Sendai.

  72. Development of a tsunami inundation analysis model for urban areas using a porous body model 査読有り

    Kei Yamashita, Anawat Suppasri, Yusuke Oishi, Fumihiko Imamura

    Geosciences (Switzerland) 8 (1) 12 2018年1月4日

    DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8010012  

    eISSN:2076-3263

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    To evaluate tsunami hazards with strong locality in urban areas, this study developed a novel tsunami inundation model based on nonlinear shallow water wave equations and a porous body model (PBM). By applying a kinematic boundary condition that includes both porosity and surface permeability of the porous medium, the proposed model could accurately incorporate geometric effects such as the flow anisotropy caused by the distributions of buildings. The proposed PBM demonstrated as good accuracy for the inundation heights around buildings near the coastline as with a conventional three-dimensional simulation with high resolution. In addition, the model showed its capability to reproduce a tsunami’s essential behaviors in urban areas. In particular, the amplification effect of flow velocity along straight roads surrounded by buildings was reasonably reproduced. It can be expected that the present model can become a useful tool to accurately evaluate the tsunami risks in urban areas.

  73. The role of tsunami engineering in building resilient communities and issues to be improved after the GEJE

    Fumihiko Imamura, Anawat Suppasri, Shosuke Sato, Kei Yamashita

    Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 47 435-448 2018年

    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58691-5_25  

    ISSN:1878-9897

    eISSN:2213-6959

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    Twenty five years have passed since the Tsunami Engineering Laboratory (TEL) was founded in 1991 after the re-establishment of the Disaster Research Group at Tohoku University, Japan. The TEL contributes to the safety of society and coastal communities by improving tsunami knowledge and technology and reducing damage, particularly in tsunami-prone regions. In 2010, the Japanese government reported an earthquake and tsunami probability of 99 % within 30 years at Miyagi in the Tohoku region. The TEL initiated a collaboration between residents, the local government and experts regarding tsunami engineering, forming the group who established countermeasures such as evacuation drills based on hazard maps, disaster planning, structural construction countermeasures and offshore tsunami observations using GPS sensors for the targeting earthquake and tsunami. Nevertheless, eastern Japan, particularly the Tohoku region, was hit by a massive M = 9.0 earthquake in 2011. The earthquake named the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) generate a huge tsunami that caused large-scale damage to the eastern coast of Japan and resulted in an inundation area of more than 500 km due to destructive wave forces. The Sanriku area was considered to be well prepared for tsunami disasters based on past damage experiences. However, following the 2011 tsunami, several issues need to be addressed. Researchers must determine why the large destruction occurred, what unrecognized factors contributed to the high vulnerability of the exposed area that must be reconstructed, and how the tsunami risk can be reduced in each region in the future. Reconstruction safety levels 1 and 2, which include comprehensive countermeasures related to creating tsunami-resilient communities, are just one example discussed in this study. The findings and issues also noted in this study will be valuable in improving future damage assessments in other high-risk areas throughout Japan such as the Nankai trough, and other tsunami-exposed coastal areas in the world. 2

  74. Quantitative assessment of epistemic uncertainty in tsunami hazard effecting on building risk assessment 査読有り

    Yo Fukutani, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Geosciences 8 (1) 17 2018年

  75. Global tsunami risk assessment: Industry-academic collaboration under Willis Research Network (WRN) 査読有り

    Pakoksung, K, Suppasri, A, Panon Latcharote, Abdul Muhari, Imamura, F

    Journal of Disaster Research 2018年

  76. Systematic evaluation of multilayered infrastructure systems for tsunami disaster mitigation in Sendai City 査読有り

    Pakoksung, K, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    Geosciences 8 (5) 173 2018年

  77. Preference for information during flood disasters: A study of Thailand and Indonesia 査読有り

    Natt Leelawat, Abdul Muhari, Mongkonkorn Srivichai, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura, Jeremy D. Bricker

    Sustainable Future for Human Security: Society, Cities and Governance 335-349 2017年10月26日

    DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5433-4_23  

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    The world is encountering climate change and severe natural disasters. Floods have been one of the most disruptive disasters these decades. The 2011 flood in Thailand affected 13.6 million people and caused damage of USD 46.5 billion, while the 2013 flood in Jakarta, despite its short period, affected more than 45,000 people. This study intends to examine the changes of disaster information preference before and during each disaster. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in July 2013 in Thailand and Indonesia. The results found that the preferences for information increased once the disaster approached, except for preparedness plans and warnings in both cases and waste disposal in the Indonesian case. While most of the information preferences show no significant difference in mean between the two disasters, the results found significant differences in preferences for traffic/transportation infrastructure both before and during the arrival of disasters, availability of food and water, waste disposal before disaster impact, and overall damage information during the impact. The findings are crucial in terms of information gathering and dissemination to maintain the lives and livelihoods of human being during disasters. This study can contribute to both research and practice in terms of disaster information analysis and better preliminary examination of the preference for information needs from similar disasters with different scales and geographies.

  78. Developing fragility functions based on aquaculture raft and eelgrass due to tsunami damage: A case study of Mangokuura Lake 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Kentaro Fukui, Kei Yamashita, Hiroyuki Ohira, Natt Leelawat, Fumihiko Imamura

    土木学会論文集B2(海岸工学) 73 (2) I_409-I_414 2017年10月

    出版者・発行元:公益社団法人 土木学会

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.73.I_409  

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    The 2011 Great East Japan tsunami caused large scale devastated damage in both offshore and inland areas. There are many previous researches that were focusing on the relationship between tsunami characteristics and damage or loss such as human loss, building damage and fishing boat damage. Similarly, great damage and loss of aquaculture and marine ecosystem was also caused by the 2011 tsunami. However, relationship between the tsunami and their damage has not been studied. To understand such relationship, this study has mainly three components namely 1) Reproduction of the 2011 tsunami, 2) Damage investigation and 3) Developing fragility functions. The source models of the 2011 tsunami were verified and adjusted so that the tsunami characteristics were able to accurately reproduce in the target area. Damage ratios of the aquaculture raft and eelgrass were investigated using satellite images taken before and after the 2011 tsunami through visual inspection and binarization. The tsunami fragility functions were then developed based on the relationship between the simulated maximum flow velocity and the calculated damage ratio. It was found that the damage ratio of higher than 0.5 is equal to the maximum flow velocity of 0.8 m/s (aquaculture raft) and 1.0 m/s (eelgrass). Whereas, the damage ratio of higher than 0.9 is equal to the maximum flow velocity of 1.3 m/s (aquaculture raft) and 3.0 m/s (eelgrass). It was found in this study that the tsunami amplitude had no relationship with the damage ratio. In addition, the proposed fragility functions for the aquaculture raft are getting along well with the previously proposed damage criteria. The proposed fragility curves will be useful for marine product and environmental damage assessment but also suggestion for the zoning of aquaculture raft to mitigate impact from tsunamis in the future.

  79. The Evacuation of Thai Citizens During Japan’s 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes: An ICT Perspective 査読有り

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Latcharote, P, Imamura, F

    Journal of Disaster Research 12 (Special Issue) 669-677 2017年6月

    出版者・発行元:None

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2017.p0669  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

  80. Possible failure mechanism of buildings overturned during the 2011 great east Japan tsunami in the town of Onagawa 招待有り 査読有り

    Panon Latcharote, Anawat Suppasri, Akane Yamashita, Bruno Adriano, Shunichi Koshimura, Yoshiro Kai, Fumihiko Imamura

    Frontiers in Built Environment 3 (16) 1-18 2017年3月16日

    出版者・発行元:Frontiers Media {SA}

    DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2017.00016  

    eISSN:2297-3362

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    Six buildings were overturned in the town of Onagawa during the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. This study investigates the possible failure mechanisms of building overturning during tsunami flow. The tsunami inundation depth and flow velocity at each overturned building were recalculated by using a tsunami numerical simulation and verified using a recorded video. The overturning moment is a result of hydrodynamic and buoyancy forces, whereas the resisting moment is a result of building self-weight and pile resistance force. This study aimed to demonstrate that the building foundation design is critical for preventing buildings from overturning. The analysis results suggest that buoyancy force can generate a larger overturning moment than hydrodynamic force, and the failure of a pile foundation could occur during both ground shaking and tsunami flow. For the pile foundation, pile resistance force plays a significant role due to both tension and shear capacities at the pile head and skin friction capacity between the pile and soil, which can be calculated from 18 soil boring data in Onagawa using a conventional method in the AIJ standards. In addition, soil liquefaction can reduce skin friction capacity between the pile and soil resulting in a decrease of the resisting moment from pile resistance force.

  81. Increasing tsunami risk awareness via mobile application

    N. Leelawat, A. Suppasri, P. Latcharote, F. Imamura, Y. Abe, K. Sugiyasu

    IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 56 (1) 2017年3月1日

    DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/56/1/012001  

    ISSN:1755-1307

    eISSN:1755-1315

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    In the information and communication technology era, smartphones have become a necessity. With the capacity and availability of smart technologies, a number of benefits are possible. As a result, designing a mobile application to increase tsunami awareness has been proposed, and a prototype has been designed and developed. The application uses data from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami. Based on the current location determined by a GPS function matched with the nearest point extracted from the detailed mesh data of that earlier disaster, the application generates the inundation depth at the user's location. Thus, not only local people but also tourists visiting the affected areas can understand the risks involved. Application testing has been conducted in an evacuation experiment involving both Japanese and foreign students. The proposed application can be used as a supplementary information tool in tsunami evacuation drills. It also supports the idea of smart tourism: when people realize their risks, they possess risk awareness and hence can reduce their risks. This application can also be considered a contribution to disaster knowledge and technology, as well as to the lessons learned from the practical outcome.

  82. Developing estimating equations of fatality ratio based on surveyed data of the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami

    P. Latcharote, N. Leelawat, A. Suppasri, F. Imamura

    IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 56 (1) 2017年3月1日

    DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/56/1/012011  

    ISSN:1755-1307

    eISSN:1755-1315

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    The 2011 Great East Japan tsunami caused a wide range of devastating tsunami with maximum tsunami height of 40 m and 19,000 casualties especially along the Tohoku coast of Japan. The purpose of this study is to develop estimating equations of fatality ratio from tsunami arrival time for future tsunami loss assessment and investigate the effect of two coastal topography types namely, Sanriku-ria coast and Sendai plain. In this study, fatality ratio was defined as number of fatality divided by total number of people in a small scale of towns along the shoreline and tsunami arrival time was calculated from TUNAMI modelling with nesting-grids of 1350 m, 450 m, 150 m, and 50 m. Then, linear and nonlinear regression analysis were performed to develop a relationship model between fatality ratio and tsunami arrival time. Based on the results, a strong correlation that fatality ratio decreases with longer arrival time was found in both Sanriku-ria coast and Sendai plain. For different coastal types, different distributions of fatality ratio with tsunami arrival time are observed, in which fatality ratio of Sendai plain is higher than that of Sanriku ria-coast at the same arrival time generally.

  83. The 2016 Fukushima earthquake and tsunami: Local tsunami behavior and recommendations for tsunami disaster risk reduction 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Natt Leelawat, Panon Latcharote, Volker Roeber, Kei Yamashita, Akihiro Hayashi, Hiroyuki Ohira, Kentaro Fukui, Akifumi Hisamatsu, David Nguyen, Fumihiko Imamura

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 21 323-330 2017年3月1日

    出版者・発行元:ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.12.016  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    The 2016 Fukushima earthquake and tsunami presented several new issues of tsunami generation mechanism and propagation, as well as of organizational responses such as evacuation procedures and dissemination of tsunami warning. This study focuses on explanations to issues of public interest based on the experiences during the 2016 tsunami: (1) Despite Fukushima Prefecture's proximity to the earthquake's epicenter, why was the largest wave observed in the neighboring Miyagi Prefecture? (2) Why was the second wave of the tsunami larger than the first? (3) Why was the tsunami advisory elevated to a tsunami warning in Miyagi Prefecture? (4) Why did tsunami intrusions into rivers occur? (5) And why were local tsunami runup values much higher than the broadcasted tsunami amplitudes from local tide gauges? In the wake of the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami, this study also points out remaining problems and new perspectives related to tsunami disaster risk reduction. These include tsunami warnings and advisories by emergency management agencies, the fact that tsunami waves are higher near the coast than in the open ocean, and refraining from being close to rivers in case of a tsunami. Based to Japan's experiences with disaster mitigation, lessons were learned from numerous events that could lead to revisions and improvements of current warning systems and provide useful guidelines for other countries.

  84. 東日本大震災での津波による被害実態に基づく推計曝露人口と人的被害の関係

    長谷川 夏来, サッパシー アナワット, 牧野嶋 文泰, 今村 文彦

    土木学会論文集B2(海岸工学) 73 (2) I_1543-I_1548 2017年

    出版者・発行元:公益社団法人 土木学会

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.73.I_1543  

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    津波による人的被害量の推計を行うことは防災対策立案などに有用だが,さまざまな地域に適用可能な汎用性の高い被害推計手法の構築には至っていない.そこで本研究では,東日本大震災での人的被害および建物被害データを広域にわたり収集し,特定地域の被害特徴に強く影響されない人的被害推計手法を構築した.まず,建物被害から推計曝露人口を算出,実際の人的被害量との関係を調査し,これが対数正規分布に従うと明らかにした.この関係を新たに被害特性係数と定義し活用することで,より汎用性が高く,かつ幅を持った推計が可能な人的被害推計手法を提案した.さらに,岩手県釜石市と宮城県仙台市での東日本大震災の被害状況に本手法を適用し,両対象地域の被害状況を説明できた.また既往の手法との比較から,既往の手法の問題点も明らかにした.

  85. 最新400年間の地震記録に基づく過去と将来のグローバル津波ハザード評価

    大竹 拓郎, SUPPASRI Anawat, LATCHAROTE Panon, 今村 文彦

    土木学会論文集B2(海岸工学) 73 (2) I_1609-I_1614 2017年

    出版者・発行元:公益社団法人 土木学会

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.73.I_1609  

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    人々が津波の脅威を理解することは重要であり,海洋全域に伝播する津波を理解するには,海域を見渡せる地球規模で津波のハザード・リスクを評価する必要があるが,そういった研究はまだ少ない.そこで本研究では,地球全域を対象に,過去に津波を発生させた地震の代表事例を選定し,津波数値解析を用いて水位,伝播時間を算出した.さらにそれらを基に,将来発生し得る津波イベントを想定し,過去と将来の津波についてグローバルスケールでハザードを評価した.過去の津波を地球全域で評価したことで,近地津波と遠地津波,両方の影響を定量化することができ,グローバルスケールで評価を行うことの重要性を示した.また,過去の津波と将来起こり得る津波を地球全域で比較したことで,地震空白域における津波を評価する手法を提案した.

  86. 2016年福島県沖地震津波の数値解析と現地調査 査読有り

    Anawat SUPPASRI, 山下 啓, Panon LATCHAROTE・Volker ROEBER, 林 晃大, 大平浩之, 福井謙太朗, 久松明史, 今村文彦

    土木学会論文集 B2(海岸工学) 73 (2) I_1597-I_1602 2017年

  87. An analysis of fatality ratios and the factors that affected human fatalities in the 2011 great east Japan Tsunami 招待有り 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Natsuki Hasegawa, Fumiyasu Makinoshima, Fumihiko Imamura, Panon Latcharote, Simon Day

    Frontiers in Built Environment 2 (32) 1-13 2016年12月22日

    DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2016.00032  

    eISSN:2297-3362

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    This study presents a new analysis of spatial variation in fatality ratios in the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami, in order to overcome the limitations of previous studies that tended to underestimate the fatality ratios. In addition, this analysis was performed in a manner that allows the results to be compared to those from analyses of fatality ratios in other historical tsunamis. To do this, it uses population and fatality data at the village scale in areas of less than 3 km where the inundation ratio was greater than 70%, rather than the lower resolution data used in previous studies. The median value of the tsunami inundation depth at each location was extracted at the original 5-m grid resolution. All of the data were obtained from the Reconstruction Support Survey Archive. Based on the results, a strong correlation between the fatality ratio and inundation depth was found only in some areas of the Sendai Plain, whereas no strong correlation was observed along the Sanriku ria coastline. Fatality ratios in Sanriku were likely related not only to the force of the tsunami but also to other factors, such as the ria topography and the population’s experience of past historical tsunamis. Data from other tsunamis in regions where tsunamis frequently occur also indicate that historical tsunami experience is a key factor in reducing fatality ratios. In contrast, the Sendai Plain shows smaller variation in local tsunami amplification effect compared to that of the Sanriku ria coastline as well as fewer coastal defense structures. Therefore, the fatality ratio in that region was predominantly affected by the force of the tsunami and the residents’ individual characteristics. On the Sendai Plain, Ishinomaki City exhibited a strong correlation between the fatality ratio and inundation depth as well as between fatality ratio and building damage, because its low evacuation ratio meant that many fatalities occurred in victims’ homes. Therefore, the fatality ratio in Ishinomaki City was higher than those in other areas at the same inundation depth. Simple empirical formulas were developed for estimation of human fatalities based on inundation depths and building damage ratios. 2

  88. Possible worst-case tsunami scenarios around the Marmara Sea from combined earthquake and landslide sources 査読有り

    Panon Latcharote, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura, Betul Aytore, Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner

    Pure and Applied Geophysics 173 (12) 3823-3846 2016年12月1日

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER BASEL AG

    DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1411-z  

    ISSN:0033-4553

    eISSN:1420-9136

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    This study evaluates tsunami hazards in the Marmara Sea from possible worst-case tsunami scenarios that are from submarine earthquakes and landslides. In terms of fault-generated tsunamis, seismic ruptures can propagate along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), which has produced historical tsunamis in the Marmara Sea. Based on the past studies, which consider fault-generated tsunamis and landslide-generated tsunamis individually, future scenarios are expected to generate tsunamis, and submarine landslides could be triggered by seismic motion. In addition to these past studies, numerical modeling has been applied to tsunami generation and propagation from combined earthquake and landslide sources. In this study, tsunami hazards are evaluated from both individual and combined cases of submarine earthquakes and landslides through numerical tsunami simulations with a grid size of 90 m for bathymetry and topography data for the entire Marmara Sea region and validated with historical observations from the 1509 and 1894 earthquakes. This study implements TUNAMI model with a two-layer model to conduct numerical tsunami simulations, and the numerical results show that the maximum tsunami height could reach 4.0 m along Istanbul shores for a full submarine rupture of the NAF, with a fault slip of 5.0 m in the eastern and western basins of the Marmara Sea. The maximum tsunami height for landslide-generated tsunamis from small, medium, and large of initial landslide volumes (0.15, 0.6, and 1.5 km , respectively) could reach 3.5, 6.0, and 8.0 m, respectively, along Istanbul shores. Possible tsunamis from submarine landslides could be significantly higher than those from earthquakes, depending on the landslide volume significantly. These combined earthquake and landslide sources only result in higher tsunami amplitudes for small volumes significantly because of amplification within the same tsunami amplitude scale (3.0–4.0 m). Waveforms from all the coasts around the Marmara Sea indicate that other residential areas might have had a high risk of tsunami hazards from submarine landslides, which can generate higher tsunami amplitudes and shorter arrival times, compared to Istanbul. 3

  89. Improvement of tsunami countermeasures based on lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami - Situation after five years 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Panon Latcharote, Jeremy D. Bricker, Natt Leelawat, Akihiro Hayashi, Kei Yamashita, Fumiyasu Makinoshima, Volker Roeber, Fumihiko Imamura

    Coastal Engineering Journal 58 (4) 1640011 2016年12月1日

    出版者・発行元:WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD

    DOI: 10.1142/S0578563416400118  

    ISSN:2166-4250

    eISSN:1793-6292

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    The 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami exposed many hidden weaknesses in Japan's tsunami countermeasures. Since then, many improvements have been made in both structural measures (numerical simulations, coastal defense structures, building damage assessment and control forests) and nonstructural measures (warning/observation and evacuation). This review summarizes the lessons and improvements in the five-year time period after the 2011 event. After five years, most of the lessons from the 2011 tsunami have been applied, including more realistic tsunami simulations using very fine grids, methods to strengthen coastal defense structures, building evacuations and coastal forests, improved warning content and key points to improve evacuation measures. Nevertheless, large future challenges remain, such as an advanced simulation technique and system for real-time hazard and risk prediction, implementation of coastal defense structures/multilayer countermeasures and encouraging evacuation. In addition, among papers presented at the coastal engineering conference in Japan, the proportion of tsunami-related research in Japan increased from 15% to 35% because of the 2011 tsunami, and approximately 65-70% of tsunami-related studies involve numerical simulation, coastal structures and building damage. These results show the impact of the 2011 tsunami on coastal engineering related to academic institutions and consulting industries in Japan as well as the interest in each tsunami countermeasure.

  90. A proposed methodology for deriving tsunami fragility functions for buildings using optimum intensity measures 査読有り

    Joshua Macabuag, Tiziana Rossetto, Ioanna Ioannou, Anawat Suppasri, Daisuke Sugawara, Bruno Adriano, Fumihiko Imamura, Ian Eames, Shunichi Koshimura

    Natural Hazards 84 (2) 1257-1285 2016年11月1日

    出版者・発行元:Springer Nature

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-016-2485-8  

    ISSN:0921-030X

    eISSN:1573-0840

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    Tsunami fragility curves are statistical models which form a key component of tsunami risk models, as they provide a probabilistic link between a tsunami intensity measure (TIM) and building damage. Existing studies apply different TIMs (e.g. depth, velocity, force etc.) with conflicting recommendations of which to use. This paper presents a rigorous methodology using advanced statistical methods for the selection of the optimal TIM for fragility function derivation for any given dataset. This methodology is demonstrated using a unique, detailed, disaggregated damage dataset from the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami (total 67,125 buildings), identifying the optimum TIM for describing observed damage for the case study locations. This paper first presents the proposed methodology, which is broken into three steps: (1) exploratory analysis, (2) statistical model selection and trend analysis and (3) comparison and selection of TIMs. The case study dataset is then presented, and the methodology is then applied to this dataset. In Step 1, exploratory analysis on the case study dataset suggests that fragility curves should be constructed for the sub-categories of engineered (RC and steel) and non-engineered (wood and masonry) construction materials. It is shown that the exclusion of buildings of unknown construction material (common practice in existing studies) may introduce bias in the results; hence, these buildings are estimated as engineered or non-engineered through use of multiple imputation (MI) techniques. In Step 2, a sensitivity analysis of several statistical methods for fragility curve derivation is conducted in order to select multiple statistical models with which to conduct further exploratory analysis and the TIM comparison (to draw conclusions which are non-model-specific). Methods of data aggregation and ordinary least squares parameter estimation (both used in existing studies) are rejected as they are quantitatively shown to reduce fragility curve accuracy and increase uncertainty. Partially ordered probit models and generalised additive models (GAMs) are selected for the TIM comparison of Step 3. In Step 3, fragility curves are then constructed for a number of TIMs, obtained from numerical simulation of the tsunami inundation of the 2011 GEJE. These fragility curves are compared using K-fold cross-validation (KFCV), and it is found that for the case study dataset a force-based measure that considers different flow regimes (indicated by Froude number) proves the most efficient TIM. It is recommended that the methodology proposed in this paper be applied for defining future fragility functions based on optimum TIMs. With the introduction of several concepts novel to the field of fragility assessment (MI, GAMs, KFCV for model optimisation and comparison), this study has significant implications for the future generation of empirical and analytical fragility functions.

  91. A Study on the Influential Factors on Building Damage in Sri Lanka During the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami 査読有り

    Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri, Osamu Murao, Fumihiko Imamura

    Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 10 (2) 1640001 2016年6月1日

    出版者・発行元:WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD

    DOI: 10.1142/S1793431116400017  

    ISSN:1793-4311

    eISSN:1793-7116

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    The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami damaged a number of buildings in many Asian countries. The research objective of this paper is to determine the significant predictor variables and the direction of their relationships regarding the building damage level. This quantitative study used data collected by Murao and Nakazato ["Recovery curves for housing reconstruction in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami," J. Earthquake Tsunami 4(2), 51-60; "Vulnerability functions for buildings based on damage survey data in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami," Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Sustainable Built Environment, Kandy, Sri Lanka, pp. 371-378] in Sri Lanka for analysis via the statistical approach. The tested explanatory parameters included the inundation depth, the structural materials, and the areas. This research is among the first pioneering efforts in applying the statistical analysis to investigate the influential parameters in tsunami damage areas. This work can contribute to the damage analysis research area in terms of providing the proved parameters as well as contributing to the practical understanding of urban planners, engineers, and related persons who are involved in building construction and disaster management.

  92. Geological and Geomorphological Tsunami Hazard Analysis for the Maldives Using an Integrated WE Method and a LR Model 査読有り

    Mahmood Riyaz, Anawat Suppasri

    Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 10 (1) 1650003 2016年3月1日

    出版者・発行元:WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD

    DOI: 10.1142/S1793431116500032  

    ISSN:1793-4311

    eISSN:1793-7116

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    This study presents a tsunami hazard analysis for the Maldives using integrated statistical approaches, such as the WE (weight of evidence) method and a LR (logistic regression) model, using historical flooding records from the Maldives following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The data with respect to the geological and geomorphological parameters of the islands and reefs, which were collected from 202 inhabited islands and seven resorts in the Maldives, were weighted by the presence/absence of evidence from the impacted islands. The tsunami hazard and risk were evaluated using spatial weights calculated for each variable. The predicted tsunami risk was compared with the impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The results show that for the three cases, the success rate of the estimated hazard and risk prediction ranged between 74% and 90% for the low and high impact islands, respectively. However, the predictability for medium impact islands in the three cases was within the range of 52-58%. The results of this study can be applied to hazard and risk assessments, are useful for tsunami behavior model development for coral islands and can be used to identify islands that are naturally protected, sheltered or resilient against natural disasters, such as tsunamis.

  93. Uncertainty in tsunami wave heights and arrival times caused by the rupture velocity in the strike direction of large earthquakes 査読有り

    Yo Fukutani, Suppasri Anawat, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards 80 (3) 1749-1782 2016年2月1日

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-015-2030-1  

    ISSN:0921-030X

    eISSN:1573-0840

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    In tsunami risk assessments, understanding the uncertainties involved in numerical simulations of tsunami wave heights and arrival times is important. However, few studies have been conducted to determine the effects of dynamic parameters (i.e., rupture velocity and rise time) in the simulation of tsunami wave heights and arrival times, although numerous studies have been conducted on the uncertainties that result from static parameters (i.e., top depth, strike, dip, rake, and fault slip). In this study, we calculated the variability in tsunami wave heights and their arrival times as a result of the uncertainties in the along-strike rupture velocity of faults. Specifically, numerical simulations of tsunamis were conducted with various rupture velocities and starting points within a large fault. The numerical analyses considered hypothetical bathymetry and dynamic effects and indicated that the uncertainties in the maximum wave height and its arrival time are greater as the water depth increases. The number of sub-faults affected the wave heights and suggested that we should consider these effects in numerical simulations of tsunamis. The results of the numerical analyses using the actual bathymetry of the Tohoku region in Japan showed that the spatial uncertainty in the maximum wave height at a 50 m depth had a 0.04 log-normal standard deviation based on a distribution of ratios between the calculated wave heights from numerical simulations with and without considering dynamic effects. The results of this study are practical for probabilistic tsunami hazard assessments for which we must evaluate the quantitative value of the spatial uncertainty in wave heights. This study is a basis for similar research in terms of offering a technique for evaluating wave height uncertainty due to the rupture velocity.

  94. Effect of Breakwaters on Reduction of Fatality Ratio during the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

    LATCHAROTE Panon, SUPPASRI Anawat, HASEKAWA Natsuki, TAKAGI Hiroshi, IMAMURA Fumihiko

    土木学会論文集B2(海岸工学) 72 (2) I_1591-I_1596 2016年

    出版者・発行元:公益社団法人 土木学会

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.72.I_1591  

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    &nbsp;Based on lesson learned from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami, tsunami height is the most influential factor on fatality of people living in coastal area. This paper proposes effect of breakwaters on fatality ratio of people and investigate a reduction of fatality ratio due to the existence of breakwaters. For preliminary study, 24 fishery ports equipped with breakwaters were selected to study how breakwaters affect to loss of fatality ratio along Sanriku ria-coast from Taro to Ishinomaki. The port area behind breakwaters was considered to calculate fatality ratio from number of fatality divided by total number of people and then fatality ratio was linearly correlated with observed tsunami height. In order to estimate fatality ratio in case of ports without breakwaters, simulated tsunami height was calculated by TUNAMI modeling with nesting grids of 1350 m, 450 m, 150 m, and 50 m. For the overall image, breakwaters could reduce fatality ratio of people in the port area with a percentage of reduction approximately 30%. Considering the effect of breakwaters at each port, it was found that fatality ratio of ports equipped with breakwaters is less than those in case of ports without breakwaters for most of ports. In addition to these 24 ports, 18 additional ports equipped with breakwaters were conducted to additional study and compared with 24 ports having no breakwaters. For the overall image, the percentage of reduction became 1%, which is much lower than the reduction in the preliminary study. Focusing on each port, two third of them still provided the reduction of fatality ratio.

  95. 浸水深と建物被害率を考慮した東日本大震災における石巻市での人的被害要因の分析

    長谷川 夏来, サッパシー アナワット, 牧野嶋 文泰, 今村 文彦

    土木学会論文集B2(海岸工学) 72 (2) I_1627-I_1632 2016年

    出版者・発行元:公益社団法人 土木学会

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.72.I_1627  

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    津波による人的被害の想定に関する研究は数多く行われてきたが,市町村単位や,大字単位での犠牲者率算定に基づく分析が主である.しかし,そうした分析スケールでは,小地域ごとに異なる被害の特徴を十分に捉えることができておらず,現状では将来の被害想定を行える手法の確立には至っていない.そこで本研究では,東日本大震災において最大の人的被害が発生した石巻市を対象に,人的被害と浸水深及び建物被害との関係に着目し,町丁目ごとの詳細な空間スケールで統計的な分析を行った.その結果,石巻市では,犠牲者率と浸水深および建物被害率との関係にそれぞれ高い相関があるという特徴的な被害が発生していたことがわかった.この分析結果をもとに津波による人的被害に影響する要因を整理し,浸水深や建物被害率で人的被害を説明する統計モデルを構築した.

  96. Tsunami Hazard Assessment for the Arabian Gulf from Earthquakes and Surface Landslides

    Anawat SUPPASRI, Panon LATCHAROTE, Tanuspong POKAVANICH, Khaled AL-SALEM, Abdullah Al-Enezi, Shinji TODA, Fumihiko IMAMURA

    Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 72 (2) I_1675-I_1680 2016年

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.72.i_1675  

    ISSN:1884-2399

    eISSN:1883-8944

  97. 活動頻度の違いによる火山活動情報への意識差:口永良部 2015年噴火と蔵王火山 2015年警戒情報を事例に 査読有り

    久利 美和, 阪本 真由美, 牧 紀男, サッパシー アナワット, 寅屋敷 哲也, ドノバン アミー

    日本火山学会講演予稿集 2016 (0) 76-76 2016年

    出版者・発行元:特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

    DOI: 10.18940/vsj.2016.0_76  

    ISSN:2433-5320

  98. A practical application of a children’s disaster prevention education program in the Philippines 査読有り

    Yasuda, M, Yi, C. J, Nouchi, R, Suppasri, A, Imamura F

    International Conference on Safety and Security Engineering 160 145-153 2016年

    DOI: 10.2495/SUSI16141  

    ISSN:1743-3509

    eISSN:1746-4498

  99. Survey of damage to schools and the initial stage of recovery after the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan, Leyte Province, the Philippines 査読有り

    C. J. Yi, M. Yasuda, A. Suppasri, F. Imamura

    WIT Transactions on the Built Environment 160 63-70 2016年

    DOI: 10.2495/SUSI16071  

    ISSN:1743-3509

    eISSN:1746-4498

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    On 8th November 2013, the super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) struck the Eastern Visayas Region of the Philippines with wind speeds of 315 km/h. As a result, 14.1 million people were affected, with the estimated number of fatalities reaching 6,201 and more than 1,785 missing. The municipality of Tanauan estimated the damage cost of 34 elementary and primary schools to be 91,419,944 PHP (as of February 2014). The Face-to-Face Method survey was employed at 11 elementary schools near the coast in the cities of Tanauan and Palo to understand damage to the school buildings and their recovery process. School roofs, windows, doors, and ceilings were heavily damaged. For example, Santa Cruz primary school in Tanauan was completely destroyed by a storm surge that reached 3.8 m in height. Most schools reopened within two months for the purpose of providing care for students rather than providing education. UNICEF and international NGOs provided school supplies, foods, sanitary goods, and building tools; a Taiwanese NGO, the Tzu Chi Foundation, built temporary classrooms in schoolyards. Damaged schools were repaired by ARAW, South Korea’s biggest and longest international campaign for humanitarian assistance between January 3 and November 27, 2014. The students need to be structurally educated and the program materials and necessities prepared so that when another disaster strikes, the younger generations of today can face the disaster and overcome the challenges by strong will or with structured systems and tools. The schools in each community need to develop a suitable disaster risk reduction strategy and resilience program.

  100. Disaster and Education Toward a Sustainable and Safety Society: Disaster Education Programs in Thailand and the Philippines

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Yasuda, M, Nouchi, R, Yi, C. J, Imamura, F, Iijima, J

    The Fourth International Education Forum on Environment and Energy Science 2015年12月10日

  101. Investigation of hydrodynamic parameters and the effects of coastal protection structures during the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami in Kamaishi Bay 査読有り

    Sozdinler, C. O, Yalciner, A. C, Zaytsev, A, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    Pure and Applied Geophysics 172 (12) 3473-3491 2015年12月1日

    出版者・発行元:None

    DOI: 10.1007/s00024-015-1051-8  

    ISSN:0033-4553

    eISSN:1420-9136

  102. Recent Advances in Agent-Based Tsunami Evacuation Simulations: Case Studies in Indonesia, Thailand, Japan and Peru 査読有り

    Erick Mas, Shunichi Koshimura, Fumihiko Imamura, Anawat Suppasri, Abdul Muhari, Bruno Adriano

    Pure and Applied Geophysics 172 (12) 3409-3424 2015年12月1日

    出版者・発行元:Springer Nature

    DOI: 10.1007/s00024-015-1105-y  

    ISSN:0033-4553

    eISSN:1420-9136

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    As confirmed by the extreme tsunami events over the last decade (the 2004 Indian Ocean, 2010 Chile and 2011 Japan tsunami events), mitigation measures and effective evacuation planning are needed to reduce disaster risks. Modeling tsunami evacuations is an alternative means to analyze evacuation plans and possible scenarios of evacuees’ behaviors. In this paper, practical applications of an agent-based tsunami evacuation model are presented to demonstrate the contributions that agent-based modeling has added to tsunami evacuation simulations and tsunami mitigation efforts. A brief review of previous agent-based evacuation models in the literature is given to highlight recent progress in agent-based methods. Finally, challenges are noted for bridging gaps between geoscience and social science within the agent-based approach for modeling tsunami evacuations.

  103. A Decade After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Progress in Disaster Preparedness and Future Challenges in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and the Maldives 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Kazuhisa Goto, Abdul Muhari, Prasanthi Ranasinghe, Mahmood Riyaz, Muzailin Affan, Erick Mas, Mari Yasuda, Fumihiko Imamura

    Pure and Applied Geophysics 172 (12) 3313-3341 2015年12月1日

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER BASEL AG

    DOI: 10.1007/s00024-015-1134-6  

    ISSN:0033-4553

    eISSN:1420-9136

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the most devastating tsunamis in world history. The tsunami caused damage to most of the Asian and other countries bordering the Indian Ocean. After a decade, reconstruction has been completed with different levels of tsunami countermeasures in most areas; however, some land use planning using probabilistic tsunami hazard maps and vulnerabilities should be addressed to prepare for future tsunamis. Examples of early-stage reconstruction are herein provided alongside a summary of some of the major tsunamis that have occurred since 2004, revealing the tsunami countermeasures established during the reconstruction period. Our primary objective is to report on and discuss the vulnerabilities found during our field visits to the tsunami-affected countries—namely, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and the Maldives. For each country, future challenges based on current tsunami countermeasures, such as land use planning, warning systems, evacuation facilities, disaster education and disaster monuments are explained. The problem of traffic jams during tsunami evacuations, especially in well-known tourist areas, was found to be the most common problem faced by all of the countries. The readiness of tsunami warning systems differed across the countries studied. These systems are generally sufficient on a national level, but local hazards require greater study. Disaster reduction education that would help to maintain high tsunami awareness is well established in most countries. Some geological evidence is well preserved even after a decade. Conversely, the maintenance of monuments to the 2004 tsunami appears to be a serious problem. Finally, the reconstruction progress was evaluated based on the experiences of disaster reconstruction in Japan. All vulnerabilities discussed here should be addressed to create long-term, disaster-resilient communities.

  104. A multivariate generalized linear tsunami fragility model for Kesennuma City based on maximum flow depths, velocities and debris impact, with evaluation of predictive accuracy 査読有り

    I. Charvet, A. Suppasri, H. Kimura, D. Sugawara, F. Imamura

    Natural Hazards 79 (3) 2073-2099 2015年12月1日

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-015-1947-8  

    ISSN:0921-030X

    eISSN:1573-0840

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    The recent losses caused by the unprecedented 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami disaster have stimulated further research efforts, notably in the mechanisms and probabilistic determination of tsunami-induced damage, in order to provide the necessary information for future risk assessment and mitigation. The stochastic approach typically adopts fragility functions, which express the probability that a building will reach or exceed a predefined damage level usually for one, sometimes several measures of tsunami intensity. However, improvements in the derivation of fragility functions are still needed in order to yield reliable predictions of tsunami damage to buildings. In particular, extensive disaggregated databases, as well as measures of tsunami intensity beyond the commonly used tsunami flow depth should be used to potentially capture variations in the data which have not been explained by previous models. This study proposes to derive fragility functions with additional intensity measures for the city of Kesennuma, which was extensively damaged during the 2011 tsunami and for which a large and disaggregated dataset of building damage is available. In addition to the surveyed tsunami flow depth, the numerically estimated flow velocities as well as a binary indicator of debris impact are included in the model and used simultaneously to estimate building damage probabilities. Following the recently proposed methodology for fragility estimation based on generalized linear models, which overcomes the shortcomings of classic linear regression in fragility analyses, ordinal regression is applied and the reliability of the model estimates is assessed using a proposed penalized accuracy measure, more suitable than the traditional classification error rate for ordinal models. In order to assess the predictive power of the model, penalized accuracy is estimated through a repeated tenfold cross-validation scheme. For the first time, multivariate tsunami fragility functions are derived and represented in the form of fragility surfaces. The results show that the model is able to predict tsunami damage with satisfactory predictive accuracy and that debris impact is a crucial factor in the determination of building collapse probabilities.

  105. Reviewing tsunami fragility curves and its application for the South China Sea countries 招待有り

    Suppasri, A

    Scientific meeting of experts for coordinated scenario analysis of future tsunami events and hazard mitigation schemes for the South China Sea region 2015年11月18日

  106. Field survey and analysis of damaged school buildings by the 2013 typhoon Haiyan and storm surge 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Yi, C. J, Leelawat, N, Watanabe, M, Bricker, J. D, Imamura, F

    Journal of JSCE B2(Coastal Eng.) 71 (2) I_1669-I_1674 2015年11月13日

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.71.I_1669  

    ISSN:1884-2399

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    School buildings are important facilities due to their capacity as evacuation shelters. In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan and its storm surge damaged most schools in the affected area because they were one story structures built using weak material. Therefore, school buildings used as evacuation shelters did not function effectively. Thus, more studies on vulnerability of school buildings to coastal disasters in terms of damage and use as evacuation shelters are needed. A field survey was conducted from 26 May to 2 June 2014 to observe damage to school buildings in Tacloban, Palo and Tanauan. One-third of the schools were damaged by a combination of both typhoon winds and storm surge, and the rest by typhoon winds only. Detailed damage data on 166 school buildings in 39 school districts was directly obtained from Tananuan. The data for each building contain economic damage, building area and percentage damage to building structure, namely roofing, roof frame, ceiling, wall, window and door. Economic damage ratio is calculated as the ratio of loss to building area. The data was then overlaid on the storm surge inundation map created by field surveys and the distance of each building from the sea measured. Numerical simulations were applied to obtain the maximum storm surge flow depth and flow velocity, with wind speed derived from JMA data and a parametric hurricane model. The percentage of damage, distance from the sea and other disaster-related parameters were plotted in order to compare damage between the buildings inside and outside the storm surge inundation zone. Results show the damage ratio to walls is 0.3-1.0 in the storm surge inundation zone and decreases to about 0.5 or less for buildings outside the inundation zone. The average loss ratio is about 5,500 Philippine Peso (PhP) per m<sup>2</sup> due to the strong wind speed of 50-60 m/s.

  107. Global Tsunami Model (GTM) initiative

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    UK-Japan seminar on disaster risk reduction 2015年10月23日

  108. Stochastic analysis and uncertainty assessment of tsunami wave height using a random source parameter model that targets a Tohoku-type earthquake fault 査読有り

    Yo Fukutani, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 29 (7) 1763-1779 2015年10月17日

    出版者・発行元:Springer New York LLC

    DOI: 10.1007/s00477-014-0966-4  

    ISSN:1436-3259 1436-3240

    eISSN:1436-3259

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    We created a fault model with a Tohoku-type earthquake fault zone having a random slip distribution and performed stochastic tsunami hazard analysis using a logic tree. When the stochastic tsunami hazard analysis results and the Tohoku earthquake observation results were compared, the observation results of a GPS wave gauge off the southern Iwate coast indicated a return period equivalent to approximately 1,709 years (0.50 fractile), and the observation results of a GPS wave gauge off the shore of Fukushima Prefecture indicated a return period of 600 years (0.50 fractile). Analysis of the influence of the number of slip distribution patterns on the results of the stochastic tsunami hazard analysis showed that the number of slip distribution patterns considered greatly influenced the results of the hazard analysis for a relatively large wave height. When the 90 % confidence interval and coefficient of variation of tsunami wave height were defined as an index for projecting the uncertainty of tsunami wave height, the 90 % confidence interval was typically high in locations where the wave height of each fractile point was high. At a location offshore of the Boso Peninsula of Chiba Prefecture where the coefficient of variation reached the maximum, it was confirmed that variations in maximum wave height due to differences in slip distribution of the fault zone contributed to the coefficient of variation being large.

  109. Stochastic analysis and uncertainty assessment of tsunami wave height using a random source parameter model that targets a Tohoku-type earthquake fault 査読有り

    Yo Fukutani, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 29 (7) 1763-1779 2015年10月17日

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER

    DOI: 10.1007/s00477-014-0966-4  

    ISSN:1436-3240

    eISSN:1436-3259

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    We created a fault model with a Tohoku-type earthquake fault zone having a random slip distribution and performed stochastic tsunami hazard analysis using a logic tree. When the stochastic tsunami hazard analysis results and the Tohoku earthquake observation results were compared, the observation results of a GPS wave gauge off the southern Iwate coast indicated a return period equivalent to approximately 1,709 years (0.50 fractile), and the observation results of a GPS wave gauge off the shore of Fukushima Prefecture indicated a return period of 600 years (0.50 fractile). Analysis of the influence of the number of slip distribution patterns on the results of the stochastic tsunami hazard analysis showed that the number of slip distribution patterns considered greatly influenced the results of the hazard analysis for a relatively large wave height. When the 90 % confidence interval and coefficient of variation of tsunami wave height were defined as an index for projecting the uncertainty of tsunami wave height, the 90 % confidence interval was typically high in locations where the wave height of each fractile point was high. At a location offshore of the Boso Peninsula of Chiba Prefecture where the coefficient of variation reached the maximum, it was confirmed that variations in maximum wave height due to differences in slip distribution of the fault zone contributed to the coefficient of variation being large.

  110. Field Survey and Analysis of Damaged School Buildings by the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan and Storm Surge

    Suppasri, A. Carine, C. J, Leelawat, N, Watanabe, M, Bricker, J. D, Yasuda, M, Imamura, F

    11th Research Symposium on Multi-Hazards around the Pacific Rim 71 (2) I_1669-I_1674 2015年10月10日

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.71.I_1669  

    ISSN:1884-2399

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    School buildings are important facilities due to their capacity as evacuation shelters. In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan and its storm surge damaged most schools in the affected area because they were one story structures built using weak material. Therefore, school buildings used as evacuation shelters did not function effectively. Thus, more studies on vulnerability of school buildings to coastal disasters in terms of damage and use as evacuation shelters are needed. A field survey was conducted from 26 May to 2 June 2014 to observe damage to school buildings in Tacloban, Palo and Tanauan. One-third of the schools were damaged by a combination of both typhoon winds and storm surge, and the rest by typhoon winds only. Detailed damage data on 166 school buildings in 39 school districts was directly obtained from Tananuan. The data for each building contain economic damage, building area and percentage damage to building structure, namely roofing, roof frame, ceiling, wall, window and door. Economic damage ratio is calculated as the ratio of loss to building area. The data was then overlaid on the storm surge inundation map created by field surveys and the distance of each building from the sea measured. Numerical simulations were applied to obtain the maximum storm surge flow depth and flow velocity, with wind speed derived from JMA data and a parametric hurricane model. The percentage of damage, distance from the sea and other disaster-related parameters were plotted in order to compare damage between the buildings inside and outside the storm surge inundation zone. Results show the damage ratio to walls is 0.3-1.0 in the storm surge inundation zone and decreases to about 0.5 or less for buildings outside the inundation zone. The average loss ratio is about 5,500 Philippine Peso (PhP) per m<sup>2</sup> due to the strong wind speed of 50-60 m/s.

  111. A practical application of a children’s disaster education program in the Philippines

    Yasuda, M, Yi, C. J, Nouchi, R, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    11th Research Symposium on Multi-Hazards around the Pacific Rim 2015年10月10日

  112. Geospatial database development and disaster risk management: Case of Typhoon Haiyan, the Philippines

    Yi, C. J, Suppasri, A

    11th Research Symposium on Multi-Hazards around the Pacific Rim 2015年10月10日

  113. Assessment of tsunami hazards in ports and their impact on marine vessels derived from tsunami models and the observed damage data 査読有り

    Abdul Muhari, Ingrid Charvet, Futami Tsuyoshi, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards 78 (2) 1309-1328 2015年9月27日

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-015-1772-0  

    ISSN:0921-030X

    eISSN:1573-0840

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    This paper presents a detailed study of tsunami hazard in ports and its correlation with the damage suffered by marine vessels. The study aims to develop a new loss function to estimate the potential damage of marine vessels due to tsunami attack based on a novel multivariate statistical modeling method, which used several explanatory variables simultaneously to estimate an outcome or the probability of such outcome. In the first part of the paper, tsunami heights and velocities are numerically modeled by using high-resolution bathymetry and topography data for the southern part of Honshu Island. We apply statistical methods to the complete sequence of spatially distributed time series of tsunami parameters in order to obtain the best fit with the observed damage data. In the second part, we develop loss functions for marine vessels by using ordinal regression, which uses simultaneously several explanatory variables. We perform several statistical tests to determine the appropriate model variables to be used in developing three-dimensional loss estimation surfaces, which provide probability of loss for each combination of measured or simulated values of tsunami parameters. The main feature of the developed loss functions presented in this study is their capability to integrate the key factors influencing the damage probability, such as tsunami parameters, characteristics of marine vessels and the impact of collision experienced by the vessels during the tsunami. Such a robust method, therefore, is crucially important to understand the tsunami impact on ports and, particularly on marine vessels.

  114. Storm surge mapping of typhoon Haiyan and its impact in Tanauan, Leyte, Philippines 査読有り

    Carine J. Yi, Anawat Suppasri, Shuichi Kure, Jeremy D. Bricker, Erick Mas, Maritess Quimpo, Mari Yasuda

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 13 207-214 2015年9月1日

    出版者・発行元:ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.05.007  

    ISSN:2212-4209

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    Super Typhoon Haiyan (locally known as "Yolanda"), which featured wind speeds of 315. km/h, corresponding to a category 5, struck the Eastern Visayas region of the Philippines on November 8, 2013. The municipality of Tanauan, home to 50,907 people and 9,624 households in 54 barangays was one of the locations in Leyte Province. Because of Typhoon Haiyan, 822 people died in 32 barangays, and 35 people went missing. Tanauan received less attention from international emergency aid organizations than Tacloban or Palo.The survey team of the International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, was deployed to investigate the on-site damage in Tanauan in February, March and May of 2014. The main purpose of the survey was to identify the extent of Typhoon Haiyan's storm surge; face-to-face interviews were conducted to determine the water limit points. Thestorm surge flood map based on the surveyed water limit points for Haiyan in 2013 did not match the storm surge hazard map provided by the municipality of Tanauan. The causes of death were reviewed, and 94.7% of the deaths of the 17 Barangays along the coastal area were the result of drowning.To conduct a risk assessment, it is important to develop a digital database that includes geospatial maps and utilizes a cross-section database that contains categorized data and has dynamical accessibility for query functions. The hazard maps can be an effective way to increase residents' awareness of the natural disaster risk and enhance risk reduction and community resilience.

  115. Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: A Business Process Management Perspective 査読有り

    Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 6 (3) 310-314 2015年9月1日

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER HEIDELBERG

    DOI: 10.1007/s13753-015-0066-1  

    ISSN:2095-0055

    eISSN:2095-0055

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    The Tohoku Regional Bureau (TRB) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) performed various actions in response to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. The total disaster recovery and reconstruction period is expected to last for 10 years, of which the first five years are regarded as the concentrated reconstruction period. As of 2013, a majority of the mega projects that involved restoration actions have been completed, which indicates a more effective rate of completion compared with the MLIT projects performed in normal non-disaster situations. This short article explains the management process of the recovery and reconstruction utilized by the TRB—an inter-organizational process—from a business process management (BPM) perspective and creates a simple organization construction diagram of the entire process. The study focused on the transactions and actor roles to identify their strengths. The findings indicate the utilization of different operational procedures in some parts of the process, the importance of liaison role, as well as some obstacles. The lessons learned from this analysis can assist managers and researchers in designing and managing restoration processes for future disasters.

  116. Tsunami signs, memorials and evacuation drills in Miyagi Prefecture after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Yoshi Abe, Mari Yasuda, Yo Fukutani, Fumihiko Imamura

    Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners 599-614 2015年7月29日

    出版者・発行元:Elsevier Inc.

    DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801060-0.00028-9  

  117. The Emergence of global tsunami awareness: Analysis of disaster preparedness in Chile, Indonesia, Japan, and Vietnam 査読有り

    Miguel Esteban, Nguyen Danh Thao, Hiroshi Takagi, Vana Tsimopoulou, Takahito Mikami, Nam Yi Yun, Anawat Suppasri

    Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners 205-233 2015年7月29日

    出版者・発行元:Elsevier Inc.

    DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801060-0.00011-3  

  118. Building damage assessment and implications for future tsunami fragility estimations 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Ingrid Charvet, Joshua Macabuag, Tiziana Rossetto, Natt Leelawat, Panon Latcharote, Fumihiko Imamura

    Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners 147-178 2015年7月29日

    出版者・発行元:Elsevier Inc.

    DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801060-0.00009-5  

  119. Emergency mapping roles in disaster risk management in case of Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines 査読有り

    Yi, C. J, Yasuda, M, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    The society for risk analysis Europe 2015年6月17日

  120. A study on influential factors on building damage in Kesennuma, Japan from the 2011 great East Japan Tsunami 招待有り 査読有り

    Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri, Ingrid Charvet, Takayuki Kimura, Daisuke Sugawara, Fumihiko Imamura

    Engineering Journal 19 (3) 105-115 2015年6月5日

    出版者・発行元:Chulalongkorn University 1

    DOI: 10.4186/ej.2015.19.3.105  

    ISSN:0125-8281

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    A number of buildings were damaged by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami in the Tohoku area. The research objective is to determine the significant predictor variables of the level of building damage. This paper used detailed data on damaged buildings in Kesennuma City, Japan, collected by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). The tested explanatory parameters included the inundation depth, number of floors, volume of the building, debris flow, structural material, and function of the building. Through multinomial logistic regression, the results found that the number of floors was significantly associated with the damage level; the inundation depth, structural material (reinforced concrete and masonry), and function of the building (commercial facility, transportation/storage facility, and public facility) were partially associated with the damage level. This study can contribute to academic research by assessing the contribution of different variables to observed damage data by applying statistical analysis, as well as the practical contribution of providing an examination of the predominant factors driving tsunami damage to buildings.

  121. Comparison of building damage caused by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami and the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan storm surge 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Natt Leelawat, Ingrid Charvet, Carine J. Yi, Fumihiko Imamura

    26th IUGG General Assembly 2015 2015年6月

  122. Disaster information and awareness: A study on typhoon and storm surge in the Philippines 査読有り

    Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri, Mari Yasuda, Carine J. Yi, Cherry May, R. Mateo, Sandy Mae Gaspay, Fumihiko Imamura

    The Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2015 2015年5月

  123. Fragility curves based on data from the 2011 Tohoku-oki Tsunami in Ishinomaki City, with discussion of parameters influencing building damage 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Ingrid Charvet, Kentaro Imai, Fumihiko Imamura

    Earthquake Spectra 31 (2) 841-868 2015年5月

    出版者・発行元:EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INST

    DOI: 10.1193/053013EQS138M  

    ISSN:8755-2930

    eISSN:1944-8201

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    The 63,605 damaged buildings from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami in Ishinomaki were used to develop 52 fragility curves using linear regression. The data comprise the damage level and the measured inundation depth for each building. In agreement with previous studies, the present results indicate that reinforced concrete and steel buildings with three stories or more perform better under tsunami loading. Performance with respect to their intended function was found to depend mainly on structural material. Moreover, based on Japan's design code for earthquake-resistant buildings, buildings constructed after 1981 do not display a better performance compared to more recent constructions. Finally, the results show that for the same inundation depth, a higher damage probability exists along a ria coast due to higher flow velocities, confirmed by numerical simulation and survivor videos. These new findings are useful for building damage assessment, town reconstruction, and comparison of vulnerability functions in future studies.

  124. Field survey report and satellite image interpretation of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines 査読有り

    E. Mas, J. Bricker, S. Kure, B. Adriano, C. Yi, A. Suppasri, S. Koshimura

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15 (4) 805-816 2015年4月

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-15-805-2015  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    Three weeks after the deadly Bohol earthquake of M<inf>w</inf> 7.2, which claimed at least 222 victims, another disaster struck the Philippines. This time, Super Typhoon Haiyan, also known as Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, devastated the Eastern Visayas islands on 8 November 2013. Its classification as a super typhoon was based on its maximum sustained 1 min surface wind speed of 315 km h<sup>-1</sup>, which is equivalent to a strong Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale. This was one of the deadliest typhoon events in the Philippines' history, after the 1897 and 1912 tropical cyclones. At least 6268 individuals have been reported dead and 1061 people are missing. In addition, a wide area of destruction was observed in the Eastern Visayas, on Samar and Leyte islands. The International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) at Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan, has deployed several teams for damage recognition, relief support and collaboration with regard to this disaster event. One of the teams, the hazard and damage evaluation team, visited the affected areas in the Eastern Visayas in mid-January 2014. In this paper, we summarize the rapid damage assessment from satellite imagery conducted days after the event and report on the inundation measurements and the damage surveyed in the field. Damage interpretation results by satellite images were qualitatively confirmed for the Tacloban city area on Leyte Island, the most populated city in the Eastern Visayas. During the survey, significant damage was observed from wind and storm surges on poorly designed housing on the east coast of Leyte Island. Damage, mainly from surface waves and winds, was observed on the east coast of Samar Island.

  125. Lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami and present practical disaster- reduction related activities in Tohoku region 招待有り 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Fukutani, Y, Yasuda, M, Abe, Y, Imamura, F

    2015 International conference on building resilience and developing sustainability 2015年1月14日

  126. The tsunami warning system in Thailand: A part of the reconstruction process after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 査読有り

    Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 44 111-119 2015年

    出版者・発行元:Springer Netherlands

    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10202-3_8  

    ISSN:1878-9897

    eISSN:2213-6959

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    A disaster early warning system is an important tool to prevent a large number of human casualties from natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. In Thailand, an early disaster warning system has been established as a part of the reconstruction process after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. This chapter focuses on the establishment, development and management process of this early warning system, with particular emphasis on tsunami hazards. This study considers face-to-face interviews with executive officers from the National Disaster Warning Center (NDWC) and the Seismological Bureau of the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD). Moreover, observations of a warning drill conducted in September 2013 in Bangkok, Thailand are also considered. Relevant issues and findings are discussed while providing suggestions for the potential development of early warning systems of a similar nature in other developing countries.

  127. Relocation after tsunamis in the Sanriku area and the condition of fishing villages two years after the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Mari Yasuda, Yoshi Abe, Yo Fukutani, Fumihiko Imamura, Nobuo Shuto

    Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 44 47-58 2015年

    出版者・発行元:Springer Netherlands

    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10202-3_4  

    ISSN:1878-9897

    eISSN:2213-6959

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    The 2011 Great East Japan tsunami severely damaged or destroyed most of the fishing ports and facilities along the Sanriku coast. Reconstruction is ongoing, and a relocation plan has already been enacted. Interviews with fishermen in three fishing villages were performed to obtain reports on current situations as well as opinions and problems. For each village, information regarding reconstruction after historical tsunamis and the 2011 tsunami were obtained, and comparisons were made amongst the target villages. A land ownership problem was found in Tadakoshi village. Moving to high ground was proposed for the first time after the 2011 tsunami in Niranohama village. Housing relocation occurred in some parts of Tadakoshi and Yagawa after historical tsunamis in the Sanriku area, but the whole village will be relocated to high ground in the future, as lessons from the 2011 tsunami revealed that the tsunami inundation area was much larger. In general, all of the villages are still facing problems resulting from land subsidence where the ports are partly submerged during high tide. Although there are some small differences in detail, the three villagers have the same desire to move the entire community to high ground, making high seawalls unnecessary because there will be no more houses on the low land area. Some disagreement regarding the height of seawalls remains between coastal residents and local governments.

  128. Disaster warning system in the Philippines through enterprise engineering perspective: A study on the 2013 super Typhoon Haiyan 査読有り

    Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri, Shuichi Kure, Carine J. Yi, Cherry May R. Mateo, Fumihiko Imamura

    Journal of Disaster Research 10 (6) 1041-1050 2015年

    出版者・発行元:Fuji Technology Press

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2015.p1041  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    In this research on disaster warning systems, the Philippines was selected to be a case study. The Philippines was hit by a particularly bad storm in 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan. Here we focused on warning system process management from an enterprise engineering perspective. In understanding warning systems, it is necessary to know the essence of overall processes. The objective of this qualitative study is to determine the system’s essential components by using the Design and Engineering Methodology for Organizations (DEMO). This involves both assigning responsibility levels and utilizing both traditional means such as broadcast vehicles with speakers and radios and newer means such as Internet channels to disseminate warning information. The findings provide a simple model explaining the disaster-related organization and communication structure. They also contribute a practical aspect in the form of suggestions to planners and decision makers that may assist them in preparing mitigation plans for projected natural disasters.

  129. International forum on disaster reduction for children-Activity on disaster reduction awareness in 2014

    Yasuda, M, Imamura, F, Suppasri, A

    Tsunami Engineering Technical Report 32 293-299 2015年

  130. Offshore evacuation of fishing boats -Lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami and its future challenge

    Suppasri, A, Nguyen, D, Abe, Y, Yasuda, M, Fukutani, Y, Imamura, F, Shuto, N

    Tsunami Engineering Technical Report 32 33-45 2015年

    出版者・発行元:東北大学

    ISSN:0916-7099

  131. A New Proposal for Tsunami Hazard Map Explicitly Indicating Uncertainty of Tsunami Hazard Assessment

    Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    American Geophysics Union meeting 2014年12月15日

  132. Empirical fragility analysis of buildings and boats damaged by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami and their practical application

    Suppasri, A, Charvet, I, Leelawat, N, Fukutani, Y, Muhari, A, Futami, T, Imamura, F

    American Geophysics Union meeting 2014年12月15日

  133. Regional Tsunami Warning Systems: A Study on Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Srivihok, P, Imamura, F

    The third international education forum on environment and energy science 2014年12月12日

  134. Development and importance of fragility functions in the last decade 招待有り

    Suppasri, A, Charvet, I, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    14th Japan earthquake engineering symposium 2014年12月4日

  135. Mechanism and stability analysis of overturned buildings by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami in Onagawa town 査読有り

    Latcharote, P, Suppasri, A, Yamashita, A, Adriano, B, Koshimura, S, Kai, Y, Imamura, F

    14th Japan earthquake engineering symposium 2014年12月4日

  136. Analysis of influential factors on building damage from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: A case study of Sri Lanka 査読有り

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Murao, O, Imamura, F

    14th Japan earthquake engineering symposium 2014年12月1日

  137. Comparative performance of damaged building by the 2004 IOT and 2011 GEJE 招待有り

    Suppasri, A

    International seminar on the 10 years commemoration of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 2014年11月24日

  138. Analysis of influential factors on building damage from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami using multinomial logistic regression 査読有り

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Charvet, I, Kimura, T, Sugawara, D, Imamura, F

    Thailand–Japan International Academic (TJIA) Conference 2014年11月22日

  139. Disaster related information necessary for Thai citizen in Japan 招待有り

    Suppasri, A

    Thailand–Japan International Academic (TJIA) Conference 2014年11月22日

  140. Developments in global tsunami awareness

    Esteban, M, Takagi, H, Thao, N. D, Mikami, T, Tsimopoulou, V, Suppasri, A, Yun, N. Y

    5th international conference on sustainable future for human security 2014年11月19日

  141. Stochastic tsunami inundation assessment and quantification of tsunami risk 査読有り

    Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Abe, Y, Imamura, F

    Journal of JSCE B2(Coastal Eng.) 2014年11月12日

  142. Human loss due to storm surge disaster caused by typhoon Haiyan in the coastal region of Leyte island 査読有り

    Kure, S, Suppasri, A, Yi, J. C, Mas, E, Bricker, J. D, Koshimura, S, Akira, M

    Journal of JSCE B2(Coastal Eng.) 70 (2) I_1446-I_1450 2014年11月12日

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.70.I_1446  

    ISSN:1884-2399

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    Super Typhoon Haiyan that struck the Philippines on November 8, 2013 caused over 7,000 casualties by remarkably high wind speed, storm surges and waves. In this paper, characteristics of human loss in the coastal region of Leyte Island, Philippines were investigated based on the relationship between the observed inundation height and depth and the number of deaths and missing people in each barangay. From the analysis, barangays with more than 10 % of the fatality ratio were found along the coastal areas in Tacloban city and Palo and Tanauan municipalities. It was found that the scale of human damage caused by Haiyan is similar to that caused by any other historical tsunami disaster, clearly indicating the massive external force of the storm surge during the Haiyan event and the vulnerability of those coastal areas.

  143. 確率論的津波遡上評価と津波リスクの定量化 査読有り

    福谷陽, Suppasri Anawat, 安倍祥, 今村文彦

    土木学会論文集B2(海岸工学) 70 (2) 1381-1385 2014年11月

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.70.I_1381  

    ISSN:1884-2399

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    We performed a stochastic evaluation of tsunami inundation by using results of stochastic tsunami hazard assessment at the Soma port in the Tohoku coastal area. Eleven fault zones along the Japan trench were selected as earthquake faults generating tsunamis. The results show that estimated inundation area of return period about 1200 years had good agreement with that in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. In addition, we evaluated quantitatively tsunami risk for four types of building; a reinforced concrete, a steel, a brick and a wood at the Soma port by combining the results of inundation assessment and tsunami fragility assessment. The results of quantitative estimating risk would reflect properly vulnerability of the buildings, that the wood building has high risk and the reinforced concrete building has low risk.

  144. Empirical fragility analysis of building damage caused by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami in Ishinomaki city using ordinal regression, and influence of key geographical features 査読有り

    I. Charvet, A. Suppasri, F. Imamura

    Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 28 (7) 1853-1867 2014年10月

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER

    DOI: 10.1007/s00477-014-0850-2  

    ISSN:1436-3240

    eISSN:1436-3259

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    Tsunamis are disastrous events typically causing loss of life, and extreme damage to the built environment, as shown by the recent disaster that struck the East coast of Japan in 2011. In order to quantitatively estimate damage in tsunami prone areas, some studies used a probabilistic approach and derived fragility functions. However, the models chosen do not provide a statistically sound representation of the data. This study applies advanced statistical methods in order to address these limitations. The area of study is the city of Ishinomaki in Japan, the worst affected area during the 2011 event and for which an extensive amount of detailed building damage data has been collected. Ishinomaki city displays a variety of geographical environments that would have significantly affected tsunami flow characteristics, namely a plain, a narrow coast backed up by high topography (terrain), and a river. The fragility analysis assesses the relative structural vulnerability between these areas, and reveals that the buildings surrounding the river were less likely to be damaged. The damage probabilities for the terrain area (with relatively higher flow depths and velocities) were lower or similar to the plain, which confirms the beneficial role of coastal protection. The model diagnostics show tsunami flow depth alone is a poor predictor of tsunami damage for reinforced concrete and steel structures, and for all structures other variables are influential and need to be taken into account in order to improve fragility estimations. In particular, evidence shows debris impact contributed to at least a significant amount of non-structural damage.

  145. Loss functions for small marine vessels based on survey data and numerical simulation of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Abdul Muhari, Tsuyoshi Futami, Fumihiko Imamura, Nobuo Shuto

    Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 140 (5) 04014018 2014年9月1日

    出版者・発行元:ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS

    DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000244  

    ISSN:0733-950X

    eISSN:1943-5460

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    Data for approximately 20,000 small marine vessels damaged by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami, including information on motor types and tonnage, were collected and used to develop loss functions. The observed maximum tsunami heights from the field survey were used, and the maximum tsunami flow velocities from numerical simulation were obtained. Damage ratios were calculated, and loss functions were fit using linear regression analysis and log-normal distributions. The damage probability was significantly increased when the tsunami height was more than 2 m or when the flow velocity was more than 1 m/s. The results show that small vessels (weighing less than 5 t) with outboard motors were the most vulnerable. In addition, vessels at locations farther from the tsunami source had less damage because they were hit by smaller tsunamis with slower arrival times, which most likely gave them a chance to evacuate to deep sea. The results of this study, including the loss functions, will be useful for macroscale tsunami hazard and loss predictions involving small marine vessels.

  146. Building damage from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami: Quantitative assessment of influential factors: A new perspective on building damage analysis 査読有り

    Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri, Ingrid Charvet, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards 73 (2) 449-471 2014年9月

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-014-1081-z  

    ISSN:0921-030X

    eISSN:1573-0840

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    Based on the classification provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), the damage level of buildings impacted by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami can be separated into six levels (from minor damage to washed away). The objective of this paper is to identify the significant predictor variables and the direction of their potential relationship to the damage level in order to create a predicting formula for damage level. This study used the detailed data of damaged buildings in Ishinomaki city, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, collected by MLIT. The explanatory variables tested included the inundation depth, number of floors, structural material, and function of the building. Ordinal regression was applied to model the relationship between the ordinal outcome variable (damage level) and the predictors. The findings indicated that inundation depth, structural material, and function of building were significantly associated with the damage level. In addition to this new type of model, this research provides a valuable insight into the relative influence of different factors on building damage and suggestions that may help to revise the classification of current standards. This study can contribute to academic tsunami research by assessing the contribution of different variables to the observed damage using new approaches based on statistical analysis and regression. Moreover, practical applications of these results include understanding of the predominant factors driving tsunami damage to structures, implementation of the relevant variables into the proposed, or alternative model in order to improve current damage predictions by taking into account not only inundation depth, but also variables such as structural material and function of building. © 2014 The Author(s).

  147. Empirical fragility assessment of buildings affected by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami using improved statistical models 査読有り

    I. Charvet, I. Ioannou, T. Rossetto, A. Suppasri, F. Imamura

    Natural Hazards 73 (2) 951-973 2014年9月

    出版者・発行元:SPRINGER

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-014-1118-3  

    ISSN:0921-030X

    eISSN:1573-0840

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    Tsunamis are destructive natural phenomena which cause extensive damage to the built environment, affecting the livelihoods and economy of the impacted nations. This has been demonstrated by the tragic events of the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, or the Great East Japan tsunami in 2011. Following such events, a few studies have attempted to assess the fragility of the existing building inventory by constructing empirical stochastic functions, which relate the damage to a measure of tsunami intensity. However, these studies typically fit a linear statistical model to the available damage data, which are aggregated in bins of similar levels of tsunami intensity. This procedure, however, cannot deal well with aggregated data, low and high damage probabilities, nor does it result in the most realistic representation of the tsunami-induced damage. Deviating from this trend, the present study adopts the more realistic generalised linear models which address the aforementioned disadvantages. The proposed models are fitted to the damage database, containing 178,448 buildings surveyed in the aftermath of the 2011 Japanese tsunami, provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure Transport and Tourism in Japan. In line with the results obtained in previous studies, the fragility curves show that wooden buildings (the dominant construction type in Japan) are the least resistant against tsunami loading. The diagnostics show that taking into account both the building's construction type and the tsunami flow depth is crucial to the quality of the damage estimation and that these two variables do not act independently. In addition, the diagnostics reveal that tsunami flow depth estimates low levels of damage reasonably well; however, it is not the most representative measure of intensity of the tsunami for high damage states (especially structural damage). Further research using disaggregated damage data and additional explanatory variables is required in order to obtain reliable model estimations of building damage probability. © 2014 The Author(s).

  148. A proposal of practical tsunami damage estimation approach for human and building loss reduction 査読有り

    Imai, K, Imamura, F, Iwama, S, Suppasri, A

    Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science academic conference 2014年9月

  149. Inspection of educational programs to assist the development cognition, judgment, the ability to take action in order to survive from natural disasters 査読有り

    Yasuda, M, Imamura, F, Suppasri, A

    Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science academic conference 2014年9月

  150. A proposal of tsunami hazard map representing uncertainties 査読有り

    Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science academic conference 2014年9月

  151. Ten Years After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami – Recovery and Future Challenges

    Suppasri, A, Goto, K, Yasuda, M, Imamura, F

    Asia Oceania Geosciences Society Meeting 2014 (AOGS2014) 2014年7月28日

  152. Disaster Warning System Process Management: A Comparison Study between Japan and Thailand

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    Asia Oceania Geosciences Society Meeting 2014 (AOGS2014) 2014年7月28日

  153. A Stochastic Analysis and an Uncertainty Assessment of Tsunami Wave Height Using a Random Source Parameter Mode

    Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    Asia Oceania Geosciences Society Meeting 2014 (AOGS2014) 2014年7月28日

  154. A summary of the rapid response and analysis of tsunami on April 1st, 2014

    Makinoshima, F, Watanabe, M, Tanobe, A, Suppasri, A, Muhari, A, Imai, K, Imamura, F

    Tsunami Engineering Technical Report 31 105-109 2014年6月

  155. Spatial zoning of regional tsunami hazard and exposure in the Indian Ocean using scenario-based numerical tsunami simulation and global population data

    Suppasri, A, Futami, T, Sanders, R, Imamura, F

    Tsunami Engineering Technical Report 31 75-91 2014年6月

  156. Disaster warning broadcasting process management: A case study of landslide from typhoon Wipha at Izu-Oshima in 2013

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Yasuda, M, Imamura, F

    Tsunami Engineering Technical Report 31 49-57 2014年6月

  157. A stochastic analysis and an uncertainty assessment of tsunami wave height using a random source parameter model

    Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    Japan Geoscience Union Meeting (JpGU2014) 2014年4月28日

  158. Evacuation response of fishermen during the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami and present recovery status

    Suppasri, A, Yasuda, M, Abe, Y, Fukutani, Y, Imamura, F

    Japan Geoscience Union Meeting (JpGU2014) 2014年4月28日

  159. Disaster Warning System in Thailand through Enterprise Engineering Perspective

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    Japan Geoscience Union Meeting (JpGU2014 2014年4月28日

  160. Reviewing evacuation response of fishermen during the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami

    Suppasri, A, Yasuda, M, Abe, Y, Fukutani, Y, Imamura, F

    Tohoku research group for natural disaster science 2014年1月7日

  161. Process analysis of Tohoku’s first motion to secure the routes of rescue

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    Proceeding of the Tohoku research group for natural disaster science 2014年1月7日

  162. Residents’ behavior in tsunami evacuation drill and their intention

    Abe, Y, Suppasri, A, Fukutani, Y, Yasuda, M, Imamura, F, Kimura, H, Suzuki, Y

    Tohoku research group for natural disaster science 2014年1月7日

  163. Practical education program for improving response capability to survive from tsunami

    Yasuda, M, Imamura, F, Suppasri, A

    Tohoku research group for natural disaster science 2014年1月7日

  164. Nationwide post event survey and analysis of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami

    Nobuhito Mori, Tomoyuki Takahashi, Shun Etsu Hamaura, Kazuya Miyakawa, Katsuhiko Tanabe, Keisuke Tanaka, Mitsuyuki Tanaka, Tsukasa Watanabe, Hideo Matsutomi, Kazunori Naoe, Takuya Noumi, Erika Yamaguchi, Shoichi Ando, Yushiro Fujii, Toshihide Kashima, Yasuo Okuda, Bun'ichiro Shibazaki, Tsutomu Sakakiyama, Masafumi Matsuyama, Takumi Yoshii, Kazuhisa Goto, Takashi Aida, Yuuji Kurata, Mabumi Miyazaki, Katuya Shutou, Jun Suzuki, Hikari Takeuchi, Takayuki Nakamura, Osamu Fujiwara, Kyoko Kagohara, Haruo Kimura, Junko Komatsubara, Yukari Miyashita, Yuichi Namegaya, Yuki Sawai, Masanobu Shishikura, Koichiro Tanigawa, Hermann Fritz, Ken Ichi Uzaki, Mikio Sasaki, Masato Minami, Hitoshi Endou, Masaki Hashimoto, Yutaka Kobashigawa, Masamitsu Kumagai, Masahiro Ietsune, Kazuhiko Nakamura, Aditya Gusman, Kazuomi Hirakawa, Kei Loki, Yugo Nakamura, Takafumi Nakayama, Yuichi Nishimura, Puma Putra, Ayumi Saruwatari, Yasunori Watanabe, Tomohito Yamada, Yasunori Nabetani, Hisamichi Nobuoka, Takashi Tamada, Yuriko Matsubayashi, Toshinori Ogasawara, Shigeki Sakai, Masao Abe, Yutaka Hayashi, Hideki Iino, Kazuhiro Iwakiri, Kazuhiro Kimura, Kenji Maeda, Masami Okada, Hiroaki Tsushima, Taro Kakinuma, Kei Yamashita, Shinya Umeda, Takahiro Nakamura, Shuji Seto, Kurokawa Takahiro, Tetsuya Torayashiki, Gozo Tsujimoto, Kohji Uno, Shoichi Yoshioka, Norio Dewa, Tetsuya Hayashi, Mitsuyoshi Kitamura, Shusaku Kuroda, Akihiko Nakahira, Takeshi Nozawa, Kazuya Taniwaki, Kunio Ohtoshi, Takashi Aoyama, Tatsuo Chiba, Hiroshi Enomoto, Kazunori Hirahara, Shigeki Murai, Hiroshi Narayama, Satoshi Yamanaka, Hitoshi Yamazaki, Satoshi Yoshiiri, Ryoukei Azuma, Yasuyuki Baba

    Coastal Engineering Journal 54 (1) 2014年1月1日

    DOI: 10.1142/S0578563412500015  

    ISSN:2166-4250

    eISSN:1793-6292

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    At 14:46 local time on March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred off the coast of northeast Japan. This earthquake generated a tsunami that struck Japan as well as various locations around the Pacific Ocean. With the participation of about 300 researchers from throughout Japan, joint research groups conducted a tsunami survey along a 2,000 km stretch of the Japanese coast. More than 5,200 locations have been surveyed to date, generating the largest tsunami survey dataset in the world. The inundation height and run-up height were surveyed by laser, GPS, and other instruments, and the tidal correction has been accurately adjusted using a tidal database and a numerical simulation for Tohoku, an area where tide gauges were destroyed by the tsunami. Based on the survey dataset, the regional and local scale analyses were conducted to understand the basic characteristics of this event. Maximum run-up heights greater than 10 m are distributed along 500 km of coast in direct distance. The affected area of this event was several times larger than historically recorded in Tohoku. The mean inundation height in the southern Sanriku region is 1015 m and there are several peaks of inundation along the coast from the northern to middle part of Sanriku. © 2012 World Scientific Publishing Company and Japan Society of Civil Engineers.

  165. 人的・物的被害軽減に向けた実用的な津波ハザード・被害予測評価手法の提案 査読有り

    今井健太郎, 今村文彦, 岩間俊二, サッパシー アナワット

    自然災害科学 33 1-12 2014年

    出版者・発行元:日本自然災害学会

    ISSN:0286-6021

  166. 2013年台風30号ハイエン被害に関するフィリピン現地調査

    呉修一, 地引泰人, サッパシー アナワット, 有働恵子, 真野明

    水文・水資源学会研究発表会 27 100059 2014年

  167. The 2011 Great East Japan tsunami - Background, characteristic, damage and reconstruction 査読有り

    Suppasri, A

    Scientific Workshop (Tohoku University – UNU-EHS) on the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami 11 March 2011 2014年

  168. Damage and reconstruction after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 tohoku tsunami 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Abdul Muhari, Prasanthi Ranasinghe, Erick Mas, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura

    Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 35 321-334 2014年

    出版者・発行元:Springer Netherlands

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7269-4_17  

    ISSN:1878-9897

    eISSN:2213-6959

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    The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the world’s worst tsunamis and caused devastating damage in many Asian countries. Then, in 2011, Japan was hit by a tsunami that was generated by the greatest earthquake in the country’s history. This paper discusses the damage caused by these tsunamis and subsequent reconstruction. Introduced first are the experience gained and lessons learned for future tsunami mitigation, such as tsunami awareness, proper evacuation building and the memorial parks created in the countries affected by the 2004 tsunami (Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand). Second, human casualties and building damage are discussed using fatality ratios and fragility curves, respectively. These analyses show that experience and awareness help reduce human casualties in the Sanriku area, and wooden houses damaged by the 2011 tsunami fared better than in previous historical events. The damage by the 2011 tsunami to structures designed to protect against tsunamis is summarized. Most of these structures could not withstand and protect from the tsunami because they were not designed for such a large tsunami as expecting of such great event. Finally, examples of ongoing reconstruction in Japan are introduced. Most reconstruction efforts were planned after considering the lessons learned from the tsunami’s impact, and the towns in question are now strengthening their disaster prevention-related plans to be better prepared for future tsunamis.

  169. Filipinos’ view on the disaster information for the 2013 Super typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines 査読有り

    Leelawat, N, Mateo, C. M. R, Gaspay, S. M, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security 2 (2) 16-28 2014年

  170. Tsunami evacuation simulation – Case studies for tsunami mitigation at Indonesia, Thailand and Japan 査読有り

    Mas, E, Koshimura, S, Imamura, F, Muhari, A, Adriano, B, Suppasri, A

    SIMULTECH2014 2014年

  171. Field survey and damage inspection after the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan in The Philippines 査読有り

    Erick MAS, Shuichi KURE, Jeremy D. BRICKER, Bruno ADRIANO, Carine YI, Anawat SUPPASRI, Shunichi KOSHIMURA

    Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 70 (2) I{\_}1451-I{\_}1455 2014年

    出版者・発行元:Japan Society of Civil Engineers

    DOI: 10.2208/kaigan.70.i_1451  

  172. Analyzing the Essence of the Disaster Warning System in Japan 査読有り

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    Second International Education Forum on Environment and Energy Science 2013年12月17日

  173. Uncertainties of tsunami wave height and flow velocity in the tsunami simulation due to dynamic fault rupture effects 査読有り

    Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    AGU fall meeting (AGU2012) 2013年12月13日

  174. Practical applications of earthquake and tsunami simulation output for disaster management 査読有り

    Latcharote, P, Suppasri, A, Kai, Y

    9th International Symposium on Social Management Systems (SSMS2013) 2013年12月4日

  175. Tsunami hazard and building damage assessment in Thailand using numerical model and fragility curves 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura

    Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 7 (5) 1250028 2013年12月

    出版者・発行元:WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD

    DOI: 10.1142/S1793431112500285  

    ISSN:1793-4311

    eISSN:1793-7116

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    Assessing the hazard and damage of a potential tsunami is an ongoing challenge in tsunami research. This study begins by simulating tsunami hazards using historical events. A tsunami propagation model is used to obtain the estimated maximum tsunami height along the west coast of Thailand for a rough return period, and rupture locations that have the potential to generate catastrophic tsunamis in Thailand for a specific return period are proposed. A tsunami inundation model is then performed to quantify each building's maximum inundation depth, using high-resolution satellite images to extract each building's location for the areas of interest located in southern Thailand. Nam Khem village and Patong beach are selected as study areas to represent village communities and tourist attractions, respectively. The model results are then used to obtain the numbers of exposed inhabitants and buildings for each earthquake return period. The developed tsunami fragility curves are applied to these figures to determine the number of potentially damaged buildings. The analysis suggests that the propagation model can be used to obtain rough estimations because it provided results similar to those of the inundation model. However, material type must be considered when fragility curves are used in a different country (i.e. reinforced concrete buildings in Thailand from the 2004 tsunami and wooden houses in Japan from the 2011 East Japan tsunami). © 2013 World Scientific Publishing Company.

  176. A review of tsunami damage assessment methods and building performance in Thailand 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Shunichi Koshimura, Fumihiko Imamura, Anat Ruangrassamee, Piyawat Foytong

    Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 7 (5) 1350036 2013年12月

    出版者・発行元:WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD

    DOI: 10.1142/S179343111350036X  

    ISSN:1793-4311

    eISSN:1793-7116

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    Although the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami occurred several years ago and all the building repair and infrastructure reconstruction needed in Thailand to repair the damage caused by the tsunami are complete, there is still a need for damage assessment methods that can be used in future tsunami damage assessments in Thailand and that can possibly be applied to other countries. This study summarizes three methods for assessing tsunami damage, "tsunami damage criteria," "tsunami damage ratios" and "tsunami fragility curves," based on damage data from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand, and these methods are compared using other tsunami events. Using the data from a field survey of damaged buildings, tsunami damage criteria were summarized for each degree of damage as a function of inundation depth for different building types. Tsunami damage ratios were summarized using building damage data obtained from surveys in the field and reconstruction cost estimates provided by the Thai government. The fragility curves developed were validated based on building performance data obtained from full-scale experiments on buildings and columns. Despite differences in the tsunami characteristics (inundation depth, current velocity and hydrodynamic force), the damage probabilities were nearly the same. The summarized methods might be useful for future tsunami damage assessments and loss estimation in Thailand and serve as guidelines for tsunami damage assessment in other countries. © 2013 World Scientific Publishing Company.

  177. Measuring fragility of ships based on numerical model of the 2011 East Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Muhari, A, Suppasri, A, Murakami, H, Futami, T, Imamura, F

    Coastal engineering conference (JSCE) 2013年11月14日

  178. Comparison between linear least squares and GLM regression for fragility functions: Example of the 2011 Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Charvet, I, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Rossetto, T

    Coastal engineering conference (JSCE) 2013年11月14日

  179. Fragility analysis based on damage data of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imai, K, Muhari, A, Charvet, I, Fukutani, Y, Abe, Y, Murakami, H, Futami, T, Imamura, F

    Coastal engineering conference (JSCE) 2013年11月14日

  180. Behind the Tohoku’s operation comb mission to secure the routes of rescue: An enterprise engineering perspective 査読有り

    Leelawat, N, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    6th Thailand–Japan International Academic (TJIA) Conference 2013年11月9日

  181. Analysis of Evacuation Patterns in Countries Affected by Recent Tsunamis: Emergence of a Global Tsunami Culture 査読有り

    Esteban, M, Tsimopoulou, V, Mikami, T, Yun, N, Suppasri, A, Shibayama, T

    7th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC2013) 2013年9月26日

  182. Estimating Tsunami Inundation Height Based on the Empirical Relationship and Regression Analysis of the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami Data 査読有り

    Miyamoto, R, Sato, I, Hayashi, T, Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    International Tsunami Symposium (ITS2013) 2013年9月25日

  183. A Quasi Probabilistic Method for Tsunami Hazard and Risk Prediction in Japan

    Muhari, A, Suppasri, A, Tabuchi, S, Tsuyoshi, F, Imamura, F

    International Tsunami Symposium (ITS2013) 2013年9月25日

  184. A Proposal of Evaluation for Regional Tsunami Hazard Index Based on Historical Tsunami Database

    Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Abe, Y, Imamura, F

    International Tsunami Symposium (ITS2013) 2013年9月25日

  185. Practical Education Program for Improving Response Capability to Survive from Tsunami

    Yasuda, M, Imamura, F, Suppasri, A

    International Tsunami Symposium (ITS2013) 2013年9月25日

  186. Coastal Damage and Fragility Curves of the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami

    Suppasri, A, Imai, K, Muhari, A, Fukutani, Y, Abe, Y, Murakami, H, Futami, T, Charvet, I, Imamura, F

    International Tsunami Symposium (ITS2013) 2013年9月25日

  187. Evaluation of present tsunami evacuation situation in Thailand 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Mas, E, Srivihok, P, Sawatdiraksa, S, Abe, Y, Koshimura, S, Imamura, F

    4th National Convention on Water Resource Engineering, Thailand (WRECON2013) 2013年9月5日

  188. Recent tsunamis events and preparedness – Development of tsunami awareness in Indonesia, Chile and Japan 査読有り

    Esteban, M, Tsimopoulou, V, Mikami, T, Yun, N. Y, Suppasri A, Shibayama, T

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 5 84-97 2013年9月

    出版者・発行元:None

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.07.002  

    ISSN:2212-4209

  189. Damages, source model and fragility function of the 1771 Meiwa Tsunami 査読有り

    Goto, K, Miyazawa, K, Imamura, F, Shimabukuro, N, Shimabukuro, A, Miyagi K, Masaki, Y, Suppasri, A

    IGU (International Geographical Union) Regional Conference 2013年8月4日

  190. Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, Erick Mas, Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner

    Pure and Applied Geophysics 170 (6-8) 993-1018 2013年6月

    DOI: 10.1007/s00024-012-0511-7  

    ISSN:0033-4553

    eISSN:1420-9136

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    In 2011, Japan was hit by a tsunami that was generated by the greatest earthquake in its history. The first tsunami warning was announced 3 min after the earthquake, as is normal, but failed to estimate the actual tsunami height. Most of the structural countermeasures were not designed for the huge tsunami that was generated by the magnitude M = 9.0 earthquake; as a result, many were destroyed and did not stop the tsunami. These structures included breakwaters, seawalls, water gates, and control forests. In this paper we discuss the performance of these countermeasures, and the mechanisms by which they were damaged; we also discuss damage to residential houses, commercial and public buildings, and evacuation buildings. Some topics regarding tsunami awareness and mitigation are discussed. The failures of structural defenses are a reminder that structural (hard) measures alone were not sufficient to protect people and buildings from a major disaster such as this. These defenses might be able to reduce the impact but should be designed so that they can survive even if the tsunami flows over them. Coastal residents should also understand the function and limit of the hard measures. For this purpose, non-structural (soft) measures, for example experience and awareness, are very important for promoting rapid evacuation in the event of a tsunami. An adequate communication system for tsunami warning messages and more evacuation shelters with evacuation routes in good condition might support a safe evacuation process. The combination of both hard and soft measures is very important for reducing the loss caused by a major tsunami. This tsunami has taught us that natural disasters can occur repeatedly and that their scale is sometimes larger than expected. © 2012 The Author(s).

  191. Developing fragility curves based on surveyed data of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami in Ishinomaki city

    Suppasri, A, Imai, K, Imamura, F

    Annual Meeting of the Tohoku Branch Technology Research Conference (JSCE) 2013年3月9日

  192. Proposal of a quantitative evaluation index of tsunami hazard based on tsunami trace data

    Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Abe, Y, Imamura, F

    Annual Meeting of the Tohoku Branch Technology Research Conference (JSCE) 2013年3月9日

  193. Feasibility of evacuation at the Pakarang Cape in Thailand based on tsunami inundation model and human evacuation simulation 査読有り

    Mas, E, Suppasri, A, Srivihok, P, Koshimura, S, Imamura, F

    10th International Conference on Urban Earthquake Engineering 2013年3月2日

  194. Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Erick Mas, Ingrid Charvet, Rashmin Gunasekera, Kentaro Imai, Yo Fukutani, Yoshi Abe, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards 66 (2) 319-341 2013年3月

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-012-0487-8  

    ISSN:0921-030X

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    A large amount of buildings was damaged or destroyed by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. Numerous field surveys were conducted in order to collect the tsunami inundation extents and building damage data in the affected areas. Therefore, this event provides us with one of the most complete data set among tsunami events in history. In this study, fragility functions are derived using data provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation of Japan, with more than 250,000 structures surveyed. The set of data has details on damage level, structural material, number of stories per building and location (town). This information is crucial to the understanding of the causes of building damage, as differences in structural characteristics and building location can be taken into account in the damage probability analysis. Using least squares regression, different sets of fragility curves are derived to demonstrate the influence of structural material, number of stories and coastal topography on building damage levels. The results show a better resistant performance of reinforced concrete and steel buildings over wood or masonry buildings. Also, buildings taller than two stories were confirmed to be much stronger than the buildings of one or two stories. The damage characteristic due to the coastal topography based on limited number of data in town locations is also shortly discussed here. At the same tsunami inundation depth, buildings along the Sanriku ria coast were much greater damaged than buildings from the plain coast in Sendai. The difference in damage states can be explained by the faster flow velocities in the ria coast at the same inundation depth. These findings are key to support better future building damage assessments, land use management and disaster planning. © 2012 The Author(s).

  195. Relationship between earthquake magnitude and tsunami height along the Tohoku coast based on historical tsunami trace database and the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami

    Suppasri, A, Fukutani, Y, Abe, Y, Imamura, F

    Tsunami Engineering Technical Report 30 2013年3月

  196. Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami

    Anawat Suppasri, Erick Mas, Ingrid Charvet, Rashmin Gunasekera, Kentaro Imai, Yo Fukutani, Yoshi Abe, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards 66 (2) 319-341 2013年

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-012-0487-8  

    ISSN:0921-030X

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    A large amount of buildings was damaged or destroyed by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. Numerous field surveys were conducted in order to collect the tsunami inundation extents and building damage data in the affected areas. Therefore, this event provides us with one of the most complete data set among tsunami events in history. In this study, fragility functions are derived using data provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation of Japan, with more than 250,000 structures surveyed. The set of data has details on damage level, structural material, number of stories per building and location (town). This information is crucial to the understanding of the causes of building damage, as differences in structural characteristics and building location can be taken into account in the damage probability analysis. Using least squares regression, different sets of fragility curves are derived to demonstrate the influence of structural material, number of stories and coastal topography on building damage levels. The results show a better resistant performance of reinforced concrete and steel buildings over wood or masonry buildings. Also, buildings taller than two stories were confirmed to be much stronger than the buildings of one or two stories. The damage characteristic due to the coastal topography based on limited number of data in town locations is also shortly discussed here. At the same tsunami inundation depth, buildings along the Sanriku ria coast were much greater damaged than buildings from the plain coast in Sendai. The difference in damage states can be explained by the faster flow velocities in the ria coast at the same inundation depth. These findings are key to support better future building damage assessments, land use management and disaster planning. © 2012 The Author(s).

  197. Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Erick Mas, Ingrid Charvet, Rashmin Gunasekera, Kentaro Imai, Yo Fukutani, Yoshi Abe, Fumihiko Imamura

    Natural Hazards 66 (2) 319-341 2013年

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-012-0487-8  

    ISSN:0921-030X

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    A large amount of buildings was damaged or destroyed by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. Numerous field surveys were conducted in order to collect the tsunami inundation extents and building damage data in the affected areas. Therefore, this event provides us with one of the most complete data set among tsunami events in history. In this study, fragility functions are derived using data provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation of Japan, with more than 250,000 structures surveyed. The set of data has details on damage level, structural material, number of stories per building and location (town). This information is crucial to the understanding of the causes of building damage, as differences in structural characteristics and building location can be taken into account in the damage probability analysis. Using least squares regression, different sets of fragility curves are derived to demonstrate the influence of structural material, number of stories and coastal topography on building damage levels. The results show a better resistant performance of reinforced concrete and steel buildings over wood or masonry buildings. Also, buildings taller than two stories were confirmed to be much stronger than the buildings of one or two stories. The damage characteristic due to the coastal topography based on limited number of data in town locations is also shortly discussed here. At the same tsunami inundation depth, buildings along the Sanriku ria coast were much greater damaged than buildings from the plain coast in Sendai. The difference in damage states can be explained by the faster flow velocities in the ria coast at the same inundation depth. These findings are key to support better future building damage assessments, land use management and disaster planning. © 2012 The Author(s).

  198. Tsunami disaster prevention plan based on consideration of far-field tsunami-Example from recent tsunamis

    Abe, Y, Suppasri, A, Fukutani, Y, Imamura, F

    Tohoku research group for natural disaster science 2012年12月7日

  199. Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami

    Suppasri, A, Mas, E, Charvet, I, Gunasekera, R, Imai, K, Fukutani, Y, Abe, Y, Imamura, F

    AGU fall meeting 2012 2012年12月

    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-012-0487-8  

  200. Uncertainties of tsunami wave height in the tsunami simulation due to dynamic fault rupture effect

    Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    AGU fall meeting 2012 2012年12月

  201. Damage and reconstruction after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Muhari, A, Ranasinghe, P, Mas, E, Shuto, N, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    Journal of Natural Disaster Science 34 (1) 19-39 2012年12月

    DOI: 10.2328/jnds.34.19  

  202. Agent based simulation of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami evacuation. An integrated model of tsunami inundation and evacuation 査読有り

    Mas, E, Suppasri, A, Koshimura, S, Imamura, F

    Journal of Natural Disaster Science 34 (1) 41-57 2012年12月

    DOI: 10.2328/jnds.34.41  

  203. Tsunami arrival time characteristics of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami revealed from eyewitness, evidences and numerical simulation 査読有り

    Muhari, A, Imamura, F, Suppasri, A, Mas, E

    Journal of Natural Disaster Science 34 (1) 91-104 2012年12月

    DOI: 10.2328/jnds.34.91  

  204. Near- and far-field characteristics of the 2011 East Japan tsunami and their impacts 査読有り

    Muhari, A, Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    2nd International Conference on Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering 2012年11月

  205. Comparison of casualty and building damage between Sanriku ria coast and Sendai plain coast based on the 2011 Great Eat Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imai, K, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    Coastal engineering conference (JSCE) 2012年11月

  206. Tsunamigenic ratios of the Pacific earthquakes 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    8th APRU Research Symposium on Multi-hazards around the Pacific Rim 2012年9月21日

  207. Review of tsunami fragility curves developed for countries around the Pacific Rim 査読有り

    Mas, E, Suppasri, A, Koshimura, S, Imamura, F

    8th APRU Research Symposium on Multi-hazards around the Pacific Rim 2012年9月21日

  208. Relationship between tsunami trace height, earthquake magnitude and return period based on tsunami trace data 査読有り

    Fukutani, Y, Suppasri, A, Abe, Y, Imamura, F

    31st Japan Society of Natural Disaster Science conference 2012年9月

  209. Modeling tsunami hazard and risk based on historical Asian and Oceanian earthquakes 招待有り

    Suppasri, A, Futami, T, Tabuchi, S, Imamura, F

    AOGS-AGU (WPGM) Joint Assembly 2012 2012年8月15日

  210. Lessons learned and reconstruction from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    AOGS-AGU (WPGM) Joint Assembly 2012 2012年8月15日

  211. Tsunami hazard and casualty estimation in a coastal area that neighbors the Indian Ocean and South China Sea 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura

    Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 6 (2) 1250010 2012年6月

    出版者・発行元:WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD

    DOI: 10.1142/S1793431112500108  

    ISSN:1793-4311

    eISSN:1793-7116

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    In the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, many hundreds of thousands of lives have been lost due to tsunami events, and almost half of the lives lost occurred following the 2004 Indian Ocean event. Potential tsunami case scenarios have been simulated in these regions by a number of researchers to calculate the hazard level. The hazard level is based on a variety of conditions, such as the tsunami height, the inundation area, and the arrival time. However, the current assessments of the hazard levels do not focus on the tsunami risk to a coastal population. This study proposes a new method to quantify the risk to the coastal population in the region that includes the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. The method is simple and combines the use of readily available tsunami data, far-field tsunami simulation models to determine the regional risk and global population data. An earthquake-generated tsunami was simulated, following an earthquake that had a magnitude larger than 8.5 M and occurred along a potential subduction zone. The 2004 Indian Ocean event seemed to be a "worst case scenario"; however, it has been estimated that a potential tsunami, occurring in a coastal region with a high population density, could cause significantly greater casualties. © World Scientific Publishing Company. w

  212. Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis and risk to coastal populations in Thailand 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura

    Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 6 (2) 1250011 2012年6月

    出版者・発行元:WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD

    DOI: 10.1142/S179343111250011X  

    ISSN:1793-4311

    eISSN:1793-7116

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    The study of tsunami hazards in Thailand has been an ongoing topic of research. However, the hazards from tsunami sources based on probabilistic study and population risk are still unclear. In this study, potential tsunami sources along rupture zones were selected. A series of far-field tsunami simulations were performed with scaled fault parameters based on fault lengths from 100-600 km. The results show that within a few centuries, the maximum tsunami height could be 2-5 m at the west coast and less than 2 m at the east coast. The potential tsunami exposure (PTE) of populations in an estimated inundation zone was calculated using global population data in relation to tsunami height. The results show that much attention should be paid to fault ruptures longer than 300 km (≈ 8.5 moment magnitude, M ) that originate from 4°-6°N and 14°-17°N for the Sumatra subduction zone and the Manila trench, respectively. A quarter of a million people are at risk of exposure to a maximum 9 m tsunami height after 100 min of the arrival of the first wave at the Andaman coast. One million people near the Gulf of Thailand are at risk of a tsunami height less than 3 m after 9 hr. © World Scientific Publishing Company. w

  213. Disaster reduction effort and reconstruction after the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami 招待有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    Japan Geoscience Union meeting (JpGU2012) 2012年5月

  214. A review of methodologies on vulnerability assessment of buildings to tsunami damage

    Gunasekera, R, Tabuchi, S, Rosetto, T, Suppasri, A, Futami, T, Scot, Ian, Maegawa, H

    EGU meeting 2012 2012年4月24日

  215. Field survey of the coastal impact of the March 11, 2011 great East Japan tsunami

    Synolakis, C, Yalciner, F, Imamura, H, Fritz, H, Suppasri, A, Mas, E, Kalligeris, N, Necmioglu, O, Ozer, C, A. Zaytsev, A, Ayca, A, Skanavis, V, Ozel, N. M, Takahashi, S, Tomita, T, Yon, G

    EGU meeting 2012 2012年4月

  216. Damage due to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami and its lessons for future mitigation 査読有り

    Imamura, F, Suppasri, A

    International Symposium on Engineering Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake 2012年3月

  217. Experience from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and damage and reconstruction from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Muhari, A, Ranasinghe, P, Mas, E, Shuto, N, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    9th International Conference on Urban Earthquake Engineering and 4th Asia Conference on Earthquake Engineering 2012年3月

  218. Damage characteristic and field survey of the 2011 great east Japan tsunami in miyagi prefecture 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Shunichi Koshimura, Kentaro Imai, Erick Mas, Hideomi Gokon, Abdul Muhari, Fumihiko Imamura

    Coastal Engineering Journal 54 (1) 1250005 2012年3月

    DOI: 10.1142/S0578563412500052  

    ISSN:0578-5634

    eISSN:1793-6292

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    On March 11th, 2011, the Pacific coast of Japan was hit by a tsunami generated by the largest earthquake (M9.0) in the history of the country and causing a wide range of devastating damage. Using preliminary reported data from many sources, some topics such as tsunami fatality ratio and tsunami fragility curves for structural damage are discussed and compared with other countries. This paper aims to discuss the damage characteristics of this tsunami as well as its mechanism, as observed through field surveys conducted over the 4 months following the tsunami. The field survey covers 13 areas in the Miyagi prefecture from Kesennuma city in the northernmost region to Yamamoto town in the southernmost region. The arrival time of the first tsunami along the coastal areas in the Miyagi prefecture was confirmed by stopped clocks found during the survey. The damage mechanism of coastal structures such as breakwaters, seawalls, tsunami gates, and evacuation buildings was investigated and discussed. Damage characteristics for each area, i.e., urban areas, port, coastal structures, fisheries, and agricultural areas, were also summarized. The conclusions drawn from the data analysis suggest that experience and education (soft countermeasures) are important to reduce the loss of life, as shown for example in the Sanriku area. The field surveys indicate that wood and reinforced-concrete (RC) structures should be balanced to survive both earthquake and tsunami forces, and the structural design for buildings should be reconsidered after the example in Onagawa town. In addition, coastal structures for tsunami countermeasures (hard countermeasures) should be more properly designed for survival instead of becoming floating debris upon being overturned by a tsunami. The combination of both hard and soft measures is especially necessary for optimizing the outcomes following a great disaster. These recommendations should be taken into consideration in the reconstruction efforts for better tsunami countermeasures in the future. © 2012 World Scientific Publishing Company and Japan Society of Civil Engineers.

  219. Developing tsunami fragility curves from the surveyed data of the 2011 great east Japan tsunami in Sendai and Ishinomaki plains 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Erick Mas, Shunichi Koshimura, Kentaro Imai, Kenji Harada, Fumihiko Imamura

    Coastal Engineering Journal 54 (1) 1250008 2012年3月

    出版者・発行元:WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD

    DOI: 10.1142/S0578563412500088  

    ISSN:2166-4250

    eISSN:1793-6292

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    Japan was hit by the tsunami generated by the greatest earthquake in the history of Japan. The authors conducted the post-tsunami field survey in Miyagi prefecture immediately after the event to measure the inundation depth and investigate damaged buildings. Most of the buildings surveyed were wooden houses and could be classified into 4 damage levels. The primary data of inundation depth and damage levels obtained from the field survey were used to create the tsunami fragility curves, which described the degree of structural damage as a function of the hydrodynamic characteristics of tsunami inundation. The developed fragility curves show that damage with more than a 50% chance of occurring is classified as minor damage, moderate damage, major damage and complete damage when the tsunami inundation depth is between 2.53.0 m, 3.04.0 m and 4.04.5 m and greater than 4.5 m, respectively. By comparing the developed tsunami fragility curves, wooden houses in the studied area have higher structural performance than those obtained from historical events in other areas. The new curves suggest that wooden houses will be severely damaged if the inundation depth is greater than 3 m and collapse if the depth is greater than 4 m while wooden houses from historical data can resist only 12 m. Moreover, wooden walls in Japan reduce the overall failure of a structural member because a wooden wall is easier to destroy (compared to brick walls in Thailand and Indonesia) and allows the tsunami to pass through, which reduces the pressure at the attacking front of the tsunami. The fragility curves are very important for the loss estimation and reconstruction plans of the city; they are also crucial for reducing the disaster damage from a future tsunami. © 2012 World Scientific Publishing Company and Japan Society of Civil Engineers.

  220. Damage characteristic and field survey of the 2011 great east Japan tsunami in miyagi prefecture

    Anawat Suppasri, Shunichi Koshimura, Kentaro Imai, Erick Mas, Hideomi Gokon, Abdul Muhari, Fumihiko Imamura

    Coastal Engineering Journal 54 (1) 2012年3月

    出版者・発行元:WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD

    DOI: 10.1142/S0578563412500052  

    ISSN:2166-4250

    eISSN:1793-6292

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    On March 11th, 2011, the Pacific coast of Japan was hit by a tsunami generated by the largest earthquake (M9.0) in the history of the country and causing a wide range of devastating damage. Using preliminary reported data from many sources, some topics such as tsunami fatality ratio and tsunami fragility curves for structural damage are discussed and compared with other countries. This paper aims to discuss the damage characteristics of this tsunami as well as its mechanism, as observed through field surveys conducted over the 4 months following the tsunami. The field survey covers 13 areas in the Miyagi prefecture from Kesennuma city in the northernmost region to Yamamoto town in the southernmost region. The arrival time of the first tsunami along the coastal areas in the Miyagi prefecture was confirmed by stopped clocks found during the survey. The damage mechanism of coastal structures such as breakwaters, seawalls, tsunami gates, and evacuation buildings was investigated and discussed. Damage characteristics for each area, i.e., urban areas, port, coastal structures, fisheries, and agricultural areas, were also summarized. The conclusions drawn from the data analysis suggest that experience and education (soft countermeasures) are important to reduce the loss of life, as shown for example in the Sanriku area. The field surveys indicate that wood and reinforced-concrete (RC) structures should be balanced to survive both earthquake and tsunami forces, and the structural design for buildings should be reconsidered after the example in Onagawa town. In addition, coastal structures for tsunami countermeasures (hard countermeasures) should be more properly designed for survival instead of becoming floating debris upon being overturned by a tsunami. The combination of both hard and soft measures is especially necessary for optimizing the outcomes following a great disaster. These recommendations should be taken into consideration in the reconstruction efforts for better tsunami countermeasures in the future. © 2012 World Scientific Publishing Company and Japan Society of Civil Engineers.

  221. Tsunamigenic ratio of the Pacific Ocean earthquakes and a proposal for a Tsunami Index 査読有り

    A. Suppasri, F. Imamura, S. Koshimura

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 12 (1) 175-185 2012年

    出版者・発行元:COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-12-175-2012  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    The Pacific Ocean is the location where two-thirds of tsunamis have occurred, resulting in a great number of casualties. Once information on an earthquake has been issued, it is important to understand if there is a tsunami generation risk in relation with a specific earthquake magnitude or focal depth. This study proposes a Tsunamigenic Ratio (TR) that is defined as the ratio between the number of earthquake-generated tsunamis and the total number of earthquakes. Earthquake and tsunami data used in this study were selected from a database containing tsunamigenic earthquakes from prior 1900 to 2011. The TR is calculated from earthquake events with a magnitude greater than 5.0, a focal depth shallower than 200 km and a sea depth less than 7 km. The results suggest that a great earthquake magnitude and a shallow focal depth have a high potential to generate tsunamis with a large tsunami height. The average TR in the Pacific Ocean is 0.4, whereas the TR for specific regions of the Pacific Ocean varies from 0.3 to 0.7. The TR calculated for each region shows the relationship between three influential parameters: earthquake magnitude, focal depth and sea depth. The three parameters were combined and proposed as a dimensionless parameter called the Tsunami Index (TI). TI can express better relationship with the TR and with maximum tsunami height, while the three parameters mentioned above cannot. The results show that recent submarine earthquakes had a higher potential to generate a tsunami with a larger tsunami height than during the last century. A tsunami is definitely generated if the TI is larger than 7.0. The proposed TR and TI will help ascertain the tsunami generation risk of each earthquake event based on a statistical analysis of the historical data and could be an important decision support tool during the early tsunami warning stage. © Author(s) 2012.

  222. Mapping of historical tsunamis in the Indian and Southwest Pacific Oceans 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Tsuyoshi Futami, Shigeko Tabuchi, Fumihiko Imamura

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 1 (1) 62-71 2012年

    出版者・発行元:ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.05.003  

    ISSN:2212-4209

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    Asia and Southwest Pacific Oceans experienced considerable effects due to tsunamis, including the Indian Ocean event in 2004, many local events along the Indonesian coast in 2005, 2006 and 2010, and the tsunami in Japan in 2011. This study started by collecting an assessment of the earthquake return periods and their tsunamigenic ratios. Previous studies show that recurrence of M 7.5, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0 earthquakes are 20-50, 60-120, 200-300 and 450-650 years and M 7.5 and M 8.0 earthquake has potential of 0.5 and 0.8 to generate a tsunami. Historical tsunamis were selected to characterize the tsunami hazards in this region. A total of 30 tsunami scenarios were selected from 110 possible historical events that occurred within the last 400 years for a far-field tsunami simulation. The simulation calculated the maximum tsunami heights along shoreline that were subsequently evaluated based on reported survey data. Simulated results showed that Japan faced the highest levels of local tsunami impacts, followed by Indonesia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. Local tsunamis were not observed in Thailand, Sri Lanka and India, although these areas were greatly affected by the devastating event in 2004. China and Taiwan were affected by local tsunamis and tsunamis that occurred in Japan. Other countries in the South China Sea, such as Vietnam, Malaysia, and Singapore, had comparatively small impacts due to their geographical locations. The maximum tsunami height map developed here will improve our understanding of the general impacts of historical tsunamis in Asian and Southwest Pacific countries. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. w w w

  223. Developing Tsunami fragility curves using remote sensing and survey data of the 2010 Chilean Tsunami in Dichato 査読有り

    E. Mas, S. Koshimura, A. Suppasri, M. Matsuoka, M. Matsuyama, T. Yoshii, C. Jimenez, F. Yamazaki, F. Imamura

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 12 (8) 2689-2697 2012年

    出版者・発行元:COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-12-2689-2012  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    On 27 February 2010, a megathrust earthquake of M = 8.8 generated a destructive tsunami in Chile. It struck not only Chilean coast but propagated all the way to Japan. After the event occurred, the post-tsunami survey team was assembled, funded by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), to survey the area severely affected by the tsunami. The tsunami damaged and destroyed numerous houses, especially in the town of Dichato. In order to estimate the structural fragility against tsunami hazard in this area, tsunami fragility curves were developed. Surveyed data of inundation depth and visual inspection of satellite images of Dichato were used to classify the damage to housing. A practical method suitable when there are limitations on available data for numerical simulation or damage evaluation from surveys is presented here. This study is the first application of tsunami fragility curves on the South American Pacific coast and it might be of practical use for communities with similar characteristics along the west Pacific coast. The proposed curve suggests that structures in Dichato will be severely damaged - with a 68% probability - already at 2m tsunami inundation depth. © 2012 Author(s). CC Attribution 3.0 License. w

  224. Introduction to tsunami in Japan: Past, present and future 招待有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F

    ASEAN-Japan Academic Forum (AJAF2011) 2011年12月11日

  225. Field survey on the coastal impacts of March 11, 2011 great east Japan tsunami

    Yalciner, A.C, Suppasri, A, Mas, E, Kalligeris, N, Necmioglu, O, Zaytsev, A, Imamura, F, Ozer, C, Zaytsev, A, Ozel, N. M, Synolakis, C, Tomita, T, Takahashi, S, Yon, G

    AGU fall meeting 2011 2011年12月

  226. The 2011 East Japan tsunami: Performance of tsunami countermeasures and lesson learned for Thailand 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Shuto, N, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    4th Thailand–Japan International Academic (TJIA) Conference 2011年11月26日

  227. Tsunami risk assessment for building using numerical model and fragility curves 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Koshimura, S, Imamura, F

    Coastal engineering conference (JSCE) 2011年11月11日

  228. Field survey on the coastal impacts of March 11, 2011 great east Japan tsunami 査読有り

    Yalciner, A.C, Ozer, C, Zaytsev, A, Suppasri, A, Mas, E, Kalligeris, N, Necmioglu, O, Imamura, F, Ozel, N. M, Synolakis, C

    WCCE-ECCE-TCCE Joint Conference 2, Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage 2011年11月1日

  229. Historical tsunami impact and potential tsunami exposure for coastal areas in Thailand 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    4th National Convention on Water Resource Engineering, Thailand 2011年8月18日

  230. The 2011 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Damage 招待有り 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    4th National Convention on Water Resource Engineering, Thailand 2011年8月18日

  231. Amplifications of Nearshore Tsunami Parameters during Great East Japan Tsunami 査読有り

    Yalciner, A.C, Ozer, C, Supprasri, A, Mas, E, Kalligeris, N, Necmioglu, O, Zaytsev, A, Imamura, F, Synolakis, C

    International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 2011年7月3日

  232. Field survey on the coastal impacts of March 11, 2011 great east Japan tsunami

    Yalciner, A.C, Ozer, C, Suppasri, A, Mas, E, Kalligeris, N, Necmioglu, O, Zaytsev, A, Imamura, F, Synolakis, C

    International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG2011) 2011年7月3日

  233. Tsunami Hazard and Risk Assessment for Coastal Population in the Indian Ocean 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Asada, T, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 2011年7月2日

  234. Tsunamigenic Rate of the Pacific Ocean Earthquakes 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    Japan Geoscience Union meeting 2011年5月27日

  235. Performance of coastal building in case of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Koshimura, S, Imamura, F

    Coastal Engineering, Tohoku branch (JSCE) 2011年3月5日

  236. Characteristics of Tsunami Damage on The 2011 off Tohoku Oki Earthquake Tsunami along the South Coast of Miyagi prefecture, Survey report about the Off Pacific earthquake and tsunami in Tohoku region

    Imai, K, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S, Sugawara, D, Suppasri, A, Sato, S

    Tsunami Engineering Technical Report 28 141-145 2011年3月

  237. Developing tsunami fragility curves based on the satellite remote sensing and the numerical modeling of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand 査読有り

    A. Suppasri, S. Koshimura, F. Imamura

    Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 11 (1) 173-189 2011年

    出版者・発行元:COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH

    DOI: 10.5194/nhess-11-173-2011  

    ISSN:1561-8633

    eISSN:1684-9981

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    The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami damaged and destroyed numerous buildings and houses in Thailand. Estimation of tsunami impact to buildings from this event and evaluation of the potential risks are important but still in progress. The tsunami fragility curve is a function used to estimate the structural fragility against tsunami hazards. This study was undertaken to develop fragility curves using visual inspection of high-resolution satellite images (IKONOS) taken before and after tsunami events to classify whether the buildings were destroyed or not based on the remaining roof. Then, a tsunami inundation model is created to reconstruct the tsunami features such as inundation depth, current velocity, and hydrodynamic force of the event. It is assumed that the fragility curves are expressed as normal or lognormal distribution functions and the estimation of the median and log-standard deviation is performed using least square fitting. From the results, the developed fragility curves for different types of building materials (mixed type, reinforced concrete and wood) show consistent performance in damage probability and when compared to the existing curves for other locations. © Author(s) 2011.

  238. Tsunami Fragility and damage ratio of building along the Thailand coast 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Koshimura, S, Imamura, F

    The 3rd Thailand–Japan International Academic Conference 2010年11月19日

  239. Developing the tsunami fragility curves for structural destruction along the Thailand coast 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Koshimura, S, Imamura, F

    Coastal engineering conference (JSCE) 2010年11月11日

  240. Tsunami fragility curves and structural performance of building along the Thailand coast

    Suppasri, A, Koshimura, S, Imamura, F

    8th International workshop on remote sensing for disaster management 2010年9月30日

  241. Effects of the rupture velocity of fault motion, ocean current and initial sea level on the transoceanic propagation of tsunami 査読有り

    Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamuray, Shunichi Koshimuraz

    Coastal Engineering Journal 52 (2) 107-132 2010年6月

    出版者・発行元:WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD

    DOI: 10.1142/S0578563410002142  

    ISSN:2166-4250

    eISSN:1793-6292

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    Numerical simulation of tsunami is an effective method to reproduce what has occurred in the past and to predict future events for many tsunami-related research issues including warning systems. However, some real phenomena have not been fully integrated into numerical simulations for transoceanic tsunamis such as fault dynamics of rupture velocity, ocean currents, and the initial sea level. Considering the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami event, this study evaluates the consequences of rupture velocity. Subsequently, numerical experiments were conducted to normalize the effects as represented by non-dimensional parameters. The rupture velocity, ocean current, and initial sea level were simplified to be uniform and common among simulations. Results of the experiment show that the sea depth along the propagation direction, distance from the tsunami source, rupture velocity, and initial sea level impart some considerable effects on a tsunami's arrival time and wave height. Nevertheless, ocean currents have almost no importance for the arrival time or wave height of oceanic propagation of tsunamis. © World Scientific Publishing Company and Japan Society of Civil Engineers.

  242. Tsunami casualty estimation method and risk to coastal population along the Indian Ocean and South China Sea coast

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    Japan Geoscience Union meeting 2010年5月24日

  243. Estimating impact of historical tsunamis in Asian/Oceanian and their mapping 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Iwasaki, T, Asada, T, Imamura, F

    The 3rd International Tsunami Field Symposium 2010年4月11日

  244. Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis in Thailand perspective 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    The 3rd International Tsunami Field Symposium 2010年4月10日

  245. Recognition on tsunami evacuation in Southern Thailand at present

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    Coastal Engineering, Tohoku branch (JSCE) 2010年3月10日

  246. The 2016 Fukushima Earthquake and Tsunami: Preliminary research and new considerations for tsunami disaster risk reduction 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Leelawat, N, Latcharote, P, Roeber, V, Yamashita, K, Hayashi, A, Ohira, H, Fukui, K, Hisamatsu, A, Nguyen, D, Imamura, F

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 21 323-330 2010年

    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.12.016  

  247. Tsunami hazard potential to coastal population in Thailand 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    The 2nd Thailand–Japan International Academic Conference 2009年11月20日

  248. Tsunami casualty estimation in coastal area neighboring the Indian Ocean and South China Sea 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    3rd International Conference on Estuaries & Coasts 2009年9月13日

  249. Hazard potential from tsunami sources surrounding Thailand 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    3rd National Convention on Water Resource Engineering, Thailand 2009年8月6日

  250. Effect of rupture velocity, Ocean current and initial sea level on the transoceanic propagation of tsunami 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    Coastal Engineering, Tohoku branch (JSCE) 2009年3月7日

    DOI: 10.1142/S0578563410002142  

  251. Comparison among the proposed source models for the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 査読有り

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    The 1st Thailand–Japan International Academic Conference, 2008年11月21日

  252. Comparison among the proposed source models for the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    2008 Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting 2008年7月30日

  253. Comparison among the proposed source models for the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

    Suppasri, A, Imamura, F, Koshimura, S

    Coastal Engineering, Tohoku branch (JSCE) 2008年3月8日

︎全件表示 ︎最初の5件までを表示

MISC 18

  1. Consequences of COVID-19 on Health, Economy, and Tourism in Asia: A Systematic Review

    Kumpol Saengtabtim, Natt Leelawat, Jing Tang, Anawat Suppasri, Fumihiko Imamura

    Sustainability (Switzerland) 14 (8) 2022年4月

    DOI: 10.3390/su14084624  

    eISSN:2071-1050

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    Since the beginning of the COVID-19 situation, academic and disaster-related organizations have focused on the severity of COVID-19 and how to prevent the infection. The side effects of COVID-19 also created serious impacts on human lives from multiple perspectives. This study primarily aims to conduct a systematic review on the COVID-19 impacts from the aspects of health, economy, and tourism, focusing on Asia. We use the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses as the main tool in conducting the systematic review analysis. The keywords related to the focused aspect are searched based on the two prominent academic journal databases: Web of Science and PubMed. In each aforementioned aspect, the consequences and the main stakeholders who were directly and indirectly affected are explained. Moreover, the connection between the three aspects based on the impact of COVID-19, which still continues to intensify, and strategies to prepare for future pandemic situation are also presented.

  2. Global optimization of a numerical two-layer model using observed data: a case study of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami

    K. Pakoksung, A. Suppasri, A. Muhari, Syamsidik, F. Imamura

    Geoscience Letters 7 (1) 2020年12月1日

    DOI: 10.1186/s40562-020-00165-5  

    eISSN:2196-4092

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    Following the eruption of Mount Anak Krakatau, a considerable landslide occurred on the southwestern part of the volcano and, upon entering the sea, generated a large tsunami within the Sunda Strait, Indonesia, on December 22, 2018. This tsunami traveled ~ 5 km across the strait basin and inundated the shorelines of Sumatra and Java with a vertical runup reaching 13 m. Following the event, observed field data, GPS measurements of the inundation, and multibeam echo soundings of the bathymetry within the strait were collected and publicly provided. Using this dataset, numerical modeling of the tsunami was conducted using the two-layer (soil and water) TUNAMI-N2 model based on a combination of landslide sources and bathymetry data. The two-layer model was implemented to nest the grid system using the finest grid size of 20 m. To constrain the unknown landslide parameters, the differential evolution (DE) global optimization algorithm was applied, which resulted in a parameter set that minimized the deviation from the measured bathymetry after the event. The DE global optimization procedure was effective at determining the landslide parameters for the model with the minimum deviation from the measured seafloor. The lowest deviation from the measured bathymetry was obtained for the best-fitting parameters: a maximum landslide thickness of 301.2 m and a landslide time of 10.8 min. The landslide volume of 0.182 km estimated by the best-fitting parameters shows that the tsunami flow depth could have reached 3–10 m along the shore with a K value of 0.89, although the simulated flow depths were underestimated in comparison with the observation data. According to the waveforms, the general wave pattern was well reproduced at tide gauges during the event. A large number of objective function evaluations were necessary to locate the minimum with the DE procedure to fix the grid cell size to 20 m; this limited the accuracy of the obtained parameter values for the two-layer model. Moreover, considering the generalizations in the modeling of landslide movements, the impact landslide time and thickness must be carefully calculated to obtain a suitable accuracy. 3

  3. Recent occurrences of serious tsunami damage and the future challenges of tsunami disaster risk reduction

    Fumihiko Imamura, Sébastien Penmellen Boret, Anawat Suppasri, Abdul Muhari

    Progress in Disaster Science 1 2019年5月

    DOI: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100009  

    eISSN:2590-0617

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    With a total of 251,770 casualties and US$280 billion in damages, the loss inflicted by tsunamis between 1998 and 2017 was one hundred times higher than that experienced during the previous decade (1978–1997). The processes of disasters following tsunamis have also become more complex with global impacts. The broad economic and political consequences of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami encouraged the global community to consider the problem of “cascading disasters”. We can categorized the cause and damage due to the 2011 tsunami with incentive and predisposing factors, impact as compound disaster. We also proposed and developed various tsunami fragility functions as essential tools to assess and mitigate damage such as casualties, house/building, marine vessels, pedestrian bridges, road bridges and aquaculture rafts. The process of cascading disasters still remains as major issue and should be studied together with the factors of interdependencies, vulnerabilities, amplification, secondary disasters and critical infrastructure and spin-off effects. Another important issue concerns non-seismic tsunamis, such as those that impacted Palu and Sunda Straight in Indonesia in 2018. These events demonstrated the difficulties and remaining problems regarding tsunami warning and evacuation and the difficulties of real time monitoring and detection. Since tsunamis are low-frequency, high-impact natural hazards, interdisciplinary research on risk perception, awareness, memory and lessons becomes critically important. The process of sharing tsunami experiences underwent a transformation in the form of digital archives and new media in response to the needs and opportunities for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the 21st century. Last but not least, this paper highlights the roles of museum and memorial halls in order to share the experiences of natural hazard-related disasters necessary to inform disaster mitigation.

  4. Disaster emergency response plan of the royal thai embassy in Tokyo, Japan: A review

    Patcharavadee Thamarux, Anawat Suppasri, Natt Leelawat, Masashi Matsuoka, Fumihiko Imamura

    Journal of Disaster Research 14 (7) 959-971 2019年

    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2019.p0959  

    ISSN:1881-2473

    eISSN:1883-8030

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    Compared to other countries, Thailand has fewer seismic hazards. Hazardous experiences greatly influence the expertise and abilities of actors that implement and execute public disaster responses. In domestic disaster situations, there are protocols and resources that facilitate a national disaster response. However, in overseas responses, disaster response becomes more challenging as more responsibilities with limited authorities and resources are required. In this research, the public disaster response of the Royal Thai Embassy in Tokyo was explored and evaluated on the basis of several disaster scenarios. This research was developed to understand the state of disaster response, enhance the effectiveness of disaster response protocols, and reduce unnecessary resource consumption. This study intended to fulfill organizational needs and responsibilities. The study converts existing protocol that is written in document form into a time series disaster response plan for disaster drills based on a possible worst-case scenario, i.e., the Kumamoto Earthquake scenario in 2016 and the Great Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami in 2011. The plan was used in a disaster drill to evaluate organizational responses. The results from drills and discussions and comments from participant information flow primarily manage communications, cooperation, and connections, which are dependent on experiences and expertise in disaster management. This further affects information flow management and assistance capabilities. The outputs and outcomes from this research can be used as a guideline for application to other embassies in Japan, the Royal Thai Embassy in other countries, and general overseas organizations. This work may apply to other public disaster responses aside from natural disasters.

  5. 2015年チリ・イヤペル沖津波での緊急時対応の記録と課題の整理

    久松 明史, 林 晃大, Suppasri Anawat, 今村 文彦

    津波工学研究報告 = Tsunami engineering (33) 55-77 2017年1月

    出版者・発行元:東北大学災害科学国際研究所(津波工学研究分野)

    ISSN:0916-7099

  6. DamageEstimateApp: A mobile application that estimates building damages from tsunami disasters

    Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri, Jaehyun Park, Ingrid Charvet, Panon Latcharote, Fumihiko Imamura, Junichi Iijima, Yoshi Abe

    ICUR2016 Proceedings 267-274 2016年

  7. Lessons from the crisis communication: Case study of the 2013 Typhoon Wipha at Japan

    Natt Leelawat, Anawat Suppasri

    Reverse Brain Drain e-Newsletter 6 (1) 11-13 2016年

  8. Lessons learned from tsunamis in Japan and the right management model for Thailand

    Anawat Suppasri, Panon Latcharote, Natt Leelawat

    Reverse Brain Drain e-Newsletter 6 (1) 11-13 2016年

  9. 減災こども国際フォーラムの開催-2014年度減災意識啓発の活動

    保田 真理, 今村 文彦, サッパシー アナワット

    津波工学研究報告 32 293-299 2015年9月30日

    出版者・発行元:東北大学

    ISSN:0916-7099

  10. ハワイでの減災教育出前授業 : 内発的な教育プログラム開発

    保田 真理, サッパシー アナワット, ヌグン デイビッド, 今村 文彦

    津波工学研究報告 31 41-47 2014年3月30日

    出版者・発行元:東北大学

    ISSN:0916-7099

  11. 自然災害から生延びる判断力向上のための減災学習ツールの開発と効果の検証 : 減災ポケット「結」と災害模擬体験ブック

    保田 真理, 今村 文彦, サッパシー アナワット

    東北地域災害科学研究 = Tohoku journal of natural disaster science 50 269-273 2014年3月

    出版者・発行元:東北大学災害科学国際研究所東北地区自然災害資料センター

  12. Fragility curves based on data from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami in Ishinomaki city with discussion of parameters influencing building damage

    Anawat Suppasri, Ingrid Charvet, Kentaro Imai, Fumihiko Imamura

    Earthquake Spectra 2014年

  13. 東日本大震災の経験・教育を伝承する取組

    保田 真理, 今村 文彦, SUPPASRI Anawat

    津波工学研究報告 30 117-122 2013年3月30日

    出版者・発行元:東北大学

    ISSN:0916-7099

  14. A summary of the rapid response and analysis of tsunamis in 2012(from April 2012 to march 2013)

    Suppasri Anawat, Muhari Abdul, Affan Muzailin, Imamura Fumihiko

    津波工学研究報告 30 3-17 2013年3月30日

    出版者・発行元:東北大学

    ISSN:0916-7099

  15. 津波防災計画における遠地津波への対応策の考察 : 近年の遠地津波事例を踏まえて

    安倍 祥, Anawat Suppasri, 福谷 陽

    東北地域災害科学研究 = Tohoku journal of natural disaster science 49 231-234 2013年

    出版者・発行元:東北大学災害科学国際研究所東北地区自然災害資料センター

  16. DEVELOPING TSUNAMI FRAGILITY CURVES FROM THE SURVEYED DATA OF THE 2011 GREAT EAST JAPAN TSUNAMI IN SENDAI AND ISHINOMAKI PLAINS

    SUPPASRI Anawat, MAS Erick, KOSHIMURA Shunichi, IMAI Kentaro, HARADA Kenji, IMAMURA Fumihiko

    Coastal Engineering Journal 54 (1) 1250008.1-1250008.16 2012年3月

    ISSN:2166-4250

  17. 津波痕跡データに基づく痕跡高と地震マグニチュード・再現期間の関係

    福谷 陽, Suppasri Anawat, 安倍 祥, 今村文彦

    日本自然災害学会学術講演会講演概要集 31 79-80 2012年

  18. 宮城県南部沿岸域における津波被害の特徴

    今井健太郎, 今村文彦, 越村俊一, 菅原大助, サッパシー アナワット, 佐藤翔輔

    津波工学研究報告 (28) 141-145 2011年3月30日

    ISSN:0916-7099

︎全件表示 ︎最初の5件までを表示

共同研究・競争的資金等の研究課題 5

  1. 日本周辺海域を対象とした海底地すべり津波ハザードの確率論的評価手法の確立

    鴫原 良典, サッパシー アナワット, 福谷 陽, 山本 阿子, 隈元 崇

    提供機関:Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

    制度名:Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    研究種目:Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

    2022年4月1日 ~ 2025年3月31日

  2. トンガ海底火山噴火とそれに伴う津波の予測と災害に関する総合調査

    佐竹 健治, 西田 究, 前野 深, 綿田 辰吾, 鈴木 雄治郎, 関谷 直也, 佐藤 翔輔, サッパシー アナワット, 佐々木 大輔, 西村 裕一, 秦 康範, 山田 真澄, 朝位 孝二, 柿沼 太郎, 山本 真行, 有川 太郎, 田中 健路, 近貞 直孝, 対馬 弘晃, 藤井 雄士郎, 高川 智博, 王 宇晨, 鴫原 良典, 吉本 充宏

    提供機関:Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

    制度名:Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    研究種目:Grant-in-Aid for Special Purposes

    研究機関:The University of Tokyo

    2022年2月15日 ~ 2023年3月31日

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    令和 4(2022)年1月15日にトンガ諸島付近のフンガ・トンガ-フンガ・ハアパイ火山で噴火が発生、近隣の島嶼地域では降灰、津波などによる被害が発生した。この噴火に伴い、世界各地で急激な大気圧変化が観測され、日本でも噴火の約7時間後に記録された。日本沿岸では、津波の到達予測時刻より2~3時間早く、大気波動とほぼ同じ頃に津波が観測され始め、鹿児島県や岩手県で1mを超えたため、津波警報および注意報が発表された。 今回の噴火は稀にみる規模であったこと、噴火による大気圧変動と潮位変化が世界中で記録されたことから、海底火山の噴火および津波発生プロセスの把握、大気波動に伴う津波の発生メカニズム、トンガ諸島や日本沿岸における被害・影響、発表された津波注意報・警報に対する自治体・住民の対応や避難行動などの状況を包括的に調べるため、特別推進研究が立案された。 「テーマ1.火山噴火現象の解明」では、地震・空振データ及び衛星画像の解析により、浅海での火山爆発過程を解明し始めた。「テーマ2.火山性大気波動などによる全球規模での津波発生・伝播メカニズムの解明」では、世界中で記録された大気変動と津波データの解析を行い、大気波動と海面の共振による津波の発生や湾の共鳴現象などが明らかになりつつある。 「テーマ3.トンガ噴火性津波による我が国沿岸域への影響調査」では、日本沿岸で発生した被害状況を網羅的に把握し、今後の津波防災の対応に役立てることを目指す。「テーマ4.社会的影響・社会的側面の調査」では、情報の発出、避難の呼びかけがどのような効果を与えたか、自治体・住民の対応を調べ、今後の情報提供体制や対応に役立てることを目指す。

  3. 巨大津波後の長期的地形変化を考慮した沿岸防災機能強化

    今村 文彦, サッパシー アナワット, 後藤 和久, 小岩 直人, 原口 強

    提供機関:Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

    制度名:Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    研究種目:Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

    研究機関:Tohoku University

    2017年4月1日 ~ 2022年3月31日

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    2004年インド洋大津波や2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震津波では,巨大な外力により沿岸部で大規模地形変化が生じ,その後の復旧や復興計画に大きな影響を与えた.本研究では,タイ・スリランカ及び東日本沿岸部を対象として地形変化の長期観測・調査と数値評価を行い,将来の地形変化シナリオの予測を試みた.タイではドローンによる写真撮影・写真測量等のデータを解析し地形回復過程の関係をまとめた.スリランカでは粒度分析や古環境解析を進め古津波堆積物を認定し過去の環境の変遷を明らかにした.東北沿岸では,波前後のデータから海浜地形の変化量を推定し,土砂移動解析によりパラメータ設定と再現性の関係を明らかにできた.

  4. Applying developed fragility functions for the Global Tsunami Model (GTM)

    サッパシー アナワット

    提供機関:Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

    制度名:Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    研究種目:Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)

    研究機関:Tohoku University

    2016年4月1日 ~ 2020年3月31日

    詳細を見る 詳細を閉じる

    本研究では世界津波モデル(GTM)の中で、新たに構築した様々な津波被害関数(津波外力と建物等の被害の関係を表す)、被害評価手法を用いて、高い精度の津波リスク評価の方法を提案した。具体的には東日本大震災において、数値解析によって再現した津波外力、建築基準法による建物耐力等、実際の建物被害データを用いて、様々な力を合わせた解析し、高い精度で建物被害の実態が再現できた。研究期間中に発生した2018年スラウェシ島津波及びスンダ海峡津波においても非地震性津波による建物被害関数を構築し、津波の特徴、地域性等による建物被害特徴を明らかにした。本研究成果は高いインパクトファクターの国際雑誌等に発表されている。

  5. アジア・オセアニアの津波リスクモデル 競争的資金

    制度名:The Other Research Programs

    2010年10月 ~ 2013年9月